270 likes | 402 Views
??? ??? ????? ????. ??? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????????????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?
E N D
1. ????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????
???? ???? ?? ????
1389/08/24
2. ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ? ????? ????
???? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ?????
????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?
????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???????
??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ? ????? ?????? ???? ???.
3. ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ????. ????? ?? ????? ?? ???????
Teaching
???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????:
1-?????? ???????
2-?????? ???? ?????????
3-????? ???? ???????? ? ?????????
4-????? ???? ?? ??? ? ??? ?????????
5-????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ?? ?????????.
4. ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????: ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ????
???? ?? ?????: ???? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????
????? ???????:???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????
????? ?? ???? ??????: ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ????????? ?????? ?????
5. ????? ??? ??? ?? ? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????
???????? ???? ???????
???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????: ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????
????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ? ????
6. ????? ??? ??? ?? ? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??
????????? ?????? ???? ? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???
??????? ???? ?????? ????
???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ???
?? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???
7. ???? ?? ????? ?? ? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ????:?? ???? ???? ??????????????? ????? ?? ????
???? ?? ??????? ?????:
???? ?? ???????:????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????(??????? ? ???????)
???? ?? ?????????: ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????(????????? ?????)
???? ?? ??????: ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????
8. ???? ??? ???? ? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ? ?????? (????) ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???
???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ? ????? ?????????
?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????
?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????
9. ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ? ???? ?? ??????? ???:
1-?????? ?????
2- ????? ?????
3-??? ?????
10. ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? 1- ???? ????
Teacher-centered Curriculum
2- ?????????-????
Student centered Curriculum
Subject - centered Curriculum 3- ?????-????
Product - Based Curriculum 4-?????? ???? ?????-????
11. ????? ??? ???????
????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????:
???? ?? ??? ?????(??????? ???? ?? ?????)?
???? ?? ??????
????? ?? ??? ????? ????(??? ??2002)
12. ?????? ????????? ????????(1) ????? ?????? ?? 1970-1950
?????? ??? ????:
1- ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????
2-????? ??????? ????? ?????
3-??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????
4-????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ? ????? ??? ???? ???
13. ?????? ????????? ????????(2) 5-???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????????? ???? ? ????? ???????? ????.
6-????????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????.
??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????
????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? (??????? ?? 80-90???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????).
14. ?????? ????????? ????????(3) 1-????? ???? ???? ? ????? ???? ?????
2-????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????
3-??? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????
4-????? ?? ???????? ?????:????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????.
15. ?????? ????????? ????????(4) 5-???? ??????? ? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ?????.
6- ????? ?? ????? ? ????????? ????? ???
???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????:
???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???
??? ??????? ? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???
??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???.
16. ?????? ????????? ????????(5)??? ????????? 1-??? ???? ? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????
2-???-???????
Self-management
????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ? ??? ?? ????? ???:????????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.
17. ?????? ????????? ????????(6)??? ????????? 3-???-???????
Self-evaluation
????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???
4-???-??????
Self-reinforcement
????? ????? ? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???(????? ?? ?????)????? ????.
18. ?????? ????????? ????????(7) ??? ???? 1- ?????? ????? ?????
2- ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????
3-????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?????
4-???? ???? ????????
5-????? ?? ???? ????
19. ?????? ????????? ????????(8)???? ??????? ?? ?????????? 1- ???? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????
2- ???? ?? ??? ????? ? ???????? ??????
3- ???? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????
20. ?????? ????????? ???????(1)constructivism ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ????.
???? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???.
???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ???.
21. ?????? ????????? ???????(2 )?????? ??? ???? 1-??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???.
2-????????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ? ???? ???? ??? ?????
3- ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ? ?????? ????????? ???.
4- ?????? ? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????.
5-???? ??? ?????? ????.
22. ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????(1)??? 1- ????? ?? ????????? ? ???? ??????? ????
2-????? ???? ??????? ? ???????? ?? ?????
3-??????? ?? ???????? ?????????
4-?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????
5-????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ??????????
6-????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????
23. ?????? ????????? ???????(2)??? ???? 1- ????? ????? ?????? ????????
2-????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????
3-????? ?? ???? ??????? ? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????????.
4-??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????
5- ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????.
?? ????????? ???????
6-????? ?? ??? ? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????
24. ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????(3) ??? ????????? 1- ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????
2-??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????
3-??????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ????
4-??????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????.
?? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???
5-????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????.
25. ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????(4)?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????
???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ? ??????
???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ????????? ???.
26. ??????? ??? ????? 1-???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???.??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??????
2-?? ???? ?? ????????? ?????- ???????????? ??? ? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????.
3- ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????
27. References:
Whitcomb, J.A.(2003), Learning and pedagogy in initial teacher preparation, in W.M,Reynold, G.E,Miller (Eds.),Handbook of Psychology,Vol(7), New Jersey :Wiley,Sons.Inc.
Jordan, A.,Carlile,O, & Stack, A..(2008), Approaches to Learning: A Guide for Teachers, New York: Open University Press.
Woolfolk, H.A.,Davis,H.,&Pape,S.(2006).Teachers knowledge, beliefs, and thinking. In P.A. Alexander,P.H.Winne (Eds.),Handbook of Educational Psychology.Mahwah,NJ :Lawrence Erlbaum.,
Wheldall, K.(2010), Development in Educational Psychology, New York: Rutledge.
Butler,R.,&Shibaz,L.(2008), Achievement goals for teaching as predictors of students perceptions of instructional practices and students help seeking and cheating, Learning and Instruction,18,453-467.
Forest,J.F(2006),Teaching and learning in higher education, International Handbook of Education,Springer