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    1. ????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? 1389/08/24

    2. ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ? ????? ?????? ???? ???.

    3. ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ????. ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? Teaching ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????: 1-?????? ??????? 2-?????? ???? ????????? 3-????? ???? ???????? ? ????????? 4-????? ???? ?? ??? ? ??? ????????? 5-????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ?? ?????????.

    4. ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????: ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????: ???? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???????:???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????: ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ????????? ?????? ?????

    5. ????? ??? ??? ?? ? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????: ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ? ????

    6. ????? ??? ??? ?? ? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???

    7. ???? ?? ????? ?? ? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ????:?? ???? ???? ??????????????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????: ???? ?? ???????:????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????(??????? ? ???????) ???? ?? ?????????: ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????(????????? ?????) ???? ?? ??????: ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????

    8. ???? ??? ???? ? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ? ?????? (????) ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????

    9. ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ? ???? ?? ??????? ???: 1-?????? ????? 2- ????? ????? 3-??? ?????

    10. ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? 1- ???? ???? Teacher-centered Curriculum 2- ?????????-???? Student centered Curriculum Subject - centered Curriculum 3- ?????-???? Product - Based Curriculum 4-?????? ???? ?????-????

    11. ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????: ???? ?? ??? ?????(??????? ???? ?? ?????)? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????(??? ??2002)

    12. ?????? ????????? ????????(1) ????? ?????? ?? 1970-1950 ?????? ??? ????: 1- ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? 2-????? ??????? ????? ????? 3-??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? 4-????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ? ????? ??? ???? ???

    13. ?????? ????????? ????????(2) 5-???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????????? ???? ? ????? ???????? ????. 6-????????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? (??????? ?? 80-90???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????).

    14. ?????? ????????? ????????(3) 1-????? ???? ???? ? ????? ???? ????? 2-????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? 3-??? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? 4-????? ?? ???????? ?????:????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????.

    15. ?????? ????????? ????????(4) 5-???? ??????? ? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ?????. 6- ????? ?? ????? ? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????: ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???.

    16. ?????? ????????? ????????(5) ??? ????????? 1-??? ???? ? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? 2-???-??????? Self-management ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ? ??? ?? ????? ???:????????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.

    17. ?????? ????????? ????????(6) ??? ????????? 3-???-??????? Self-evaluation ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? 4-???-?????? Self-reinforcement ????? ????? ? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???(????? ?? ?????)????? ????.

    18. ?????? ????????? ????????(7) ??? ???? 1- ?????? ????? ????? 2- ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? 3-????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ????? 4-???? ???? ???????? 5-????? ?? ???? ????

    19. ?????? ????????? ????????(8) ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? 1- ???? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? 2- ???? ?? ??? ????? ? ???????? ?????? 3- ???? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????

    20. ?????? ????????? ???????(1) constructivism ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ????. ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???. ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ???.

    21. ?????? ????????? ???????(2 ) ?????? ??? ???? 1-??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???. 2-????????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ? ???? ???? ??? ????? 3- ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ? ?????? ????????? ???. 4- ?????? ? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????. 5-???? ??? ?????? ????.

    22. ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????(1) ??? 1- ????? ?? ????????? ? ???? ??????? ???? 2-????? ???? ??????? ? ???????? ?? ????? 3-??????? ?? ???????? ????????? 4-?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? 5-????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ?????????? 6-????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????

    23. ?????? ????????? ???????(2) ??? ???? 1- ????? ????? ?????? ???????? 2-????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? 3-????? ?? ???? ??????? ? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????????. 4-??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? 5- ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. ?? ????????? ??????? 6-????? ?? ??? ? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????

    24. ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????(3) ??? ????????? 1- ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? 2-??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? 3-??????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? 4-??????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????. ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? 5-????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????.

    25. ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????(4) ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ????????? ???.

    26. ??????? ??? ????? 1-???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???.??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? 2-?? ???? ?? ????????? ?????- ???????????? ??? ? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????. 3- ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????

    27. References: Whitcomb, J.A.(2003), Learning and pedagogy in initial teacher preparation, in W.M,Reynold, G.E,Miller (Eds.),Handbook of Psychology,Vol(7), New Jersey :Wiley,Sons.Inc. Jordan, A.,Carlile,O, & Stack, A..(2008), Approaches to Learning: A Guide for Teachers, New York: Open University Press. Woolfolk, H.A.,Davis,H.,&Pape,S.(2006).Teachers knowledge, beliefs, and thinking. In P.A. Alexander,P.H.Winne (Eds.),Handbook of Educational Psychology.Mahwah,NJ :Lawrence Erlbaum., Wheldall, K.(2010), Development in Educational Psychology, New York: Rutledge. Butler,R.,&Shibaz,L.(2008), Achievement goals for teaching as predictors of students perceptions of instructional practices and students help seeking and cheating, Learning and Instruction,18,453-467. Forest,J.F(2006),Teaching and learning in higher education, International Handbook of Education,Springer

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