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Comp 15 - Usability & Human Factors

This material explores interaction design, user-centered design, and lifecycle models of software engineering. It discusses usability engineering lifecycle, prototypes, and participatory design through a case study. It also emphasizes the importance of design in healthcare and the benefits of a user-centered approach.

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Comp 15 - Usability & Human Factors

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  1. Comp 15 - Usability & Human Factors Unit 8a - Approaches to Design This material was developed by Columbia University, funded by the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number 1U24OC000003.

  2. Overview • Interaction Design • User-Centered Design • Lifecycle Models of Software Engineering • Usability engineering lifecycle • Prototypes • A case study of participatory design • Heuristic design principles Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 2.0/Spring 2011

  3. Design • A plan or scheme conceived in mind and intended for subsequent execution • Tradeoffs balancing conflicting requirements • Generating alternatives • Use representations • Diagrams, prototypes Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 2.0/Spring 2011

  4. Interaction Design • Focus on Users • Specific Targets • Usability • Experience • Iteration • Key Question: How to optimize the users’ interactions with a system so they support and extend users’ activities in effective, useful and usable ways Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 2.0/Spring 2011

  5. Why all the Fuss About Design? • Documented usability problems in healthcare and their consequences • Clinical information systems present problems in implementation & beyond • Many systems do not adequately address customer specifications • Fixing a problem in development phase costs 10 times more than in design phase Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 2.0/Spring 2011

  6. Usability Engineering Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 2.0/Spring 2011

  7. A User-Centered Approach Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 2.0/Spring 2011

  8. Focus on Users and Tasks • Users’ tasks and goals drive development • Focus on user behavior and context of use • System designed to support them • Capture characteristics of users (capabilities & constraints) • Users are involved from the inception through cycles of iterative development • All design decisions taken within context of users, their work and environment Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 2.0/Spring 2011

  9. Design Process Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 2.0/Spring 2011

  10. Design Thought Exercise • Imagine you organize your books, CDs and DVDs into a system/database that provides easy access to all information that you need • Imagine doing it for a friend or your father who is just learning to use a computer Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 2.0/Spring 2011

  11. Think About the Space Problem Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 2.0/Spring 2011

  12. Conceptual Model Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 2.0/Spring 2011

  13. Visicalc Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 2.0/Spring 2011

  14. Visicalc Conceptual Model Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 2.0/Spring 2011

  15. Lifecycle Models Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 2.0/Spring 2011

  16. Waterfall Lifecycle Model Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 2.0/Spring 2011

  17. Waterfall Model • The original model for software engineering • Linear model with clearly delineated tasks • Problems • No central role for users/no iteration and limited feedback • Too rigid—not responsive to requirement changes • Inconsistent with designers inherently nonlinear work practices Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 2.0/Spring 2011

  18. Star Lifecycle Model Implement Concept Evaluate Requirements Task Analysis Prototype Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 2.0/Spring 2011

  19. Star Lifecycle Model (cont.) • Inherently nonlinear—does not specify ordering of activities • Accentuates bottom-up, free thinking and creative practices of designer • Evaluation is viewed as integral to all stages and continuous • Problem: Too much flexibility, lack of systematic coordination and process is underspecified Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 2.0/Spring 2011

  20. User Profile General Design Principles Task Analysis Platform Capabilities/ Constraints The Usability Engineering Lifecycle Usability Goals Style Guide Requirements Analysis Design/Testing/Development Level 3 Level 1 Level 2 Work Re-engineering Screen Design Standards (SDS) Detailed User Interface Design (DUID) Conceptual Model (CM) Design SDS Prototyping Iterative DUID Evaluation Style Guide Iterative SDS Evaluation Style Guide CM Mockups Met Usability Goals? No Iterative CM Evaluation Iterative CM Evaluation Yes A Met Usability Goals? Style Guide Eliminated Major Flaws? No Yes No Yes Yes Functionality Addressed? Start Application Design/Development Model/Implementation Model No Start ApplicationArchitecture Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 2.0/Spring 2011

  21. Usability Engineering Lifecycle (UEL) • Developed by Mayhew (1999) with the goal of thoroughly integrating usability considerations into all phases of design • Core aspects/superordinate phases: • Requirements analysis • Design/testing/development • Decomposed into levels & detailed subprocesses Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 2.0/Spring 2011

  22. UEL Requirements Analysis Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 2.0/Spring 2011

  23. UEL Design Phase: Level 1 Design Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 2.0/Spring 2011

  24. UEL Design Phase: Levels 2 and 3 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 2.0/Spring 2011

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