The Americas & Oceania

1. The Americas & Oceania Mr. Ermer World History AP Miami Beach Senior High

2. Teotihuacan • Chinampas increase agricultural production • Stone apartment building, aristocratic rule • City comes to a violent end • The Mayas • Farming practices unsustainable • “Long Court” calendar • Cities abandoned, civilization destroyed • The Aztecs • Self-Identified as the Mexica • Establish civilization around Lake Texcoco • Build twin capitals, Tenochtitlan & Tlatelolco • As Aztecs conquer land, monarchical system gains power • Emperors do not have absolute power, kinship ties loose import • Social mobility is possible through military service, priesthood MesoAmerica

5. The Andean region’s hostile climate/geography produces complex administrative structure and social relationships • Accurate calendar needed for agricultural production • Terraced farming at varied altitudes • Freeze-dried veggies and meats • Khipus (quipus) record keeping system • Complex transportation network; roads & bridges • Ayllu (clan) primary social unit, extended family • Mit’a system of labor obligations • Territorial states wished to exploit variety of ecological zones • Coastal Region: fish, maize, and cotton • Mountain Valleys: tubers (potatoes) and quinoa • High Altitude Region: wool and meat • Amazonian Region: coca and fruit The Andes

6. The Moche • Occupied the coastal region • Theocratic government with highly stratified social structure • Priests and military leaders = social elites • Women in charge of textile production • Metallurgy included gold and copper for weapons and tools • Series of natural disasters causes Moche civilization to collapse • The Tiwanaku and Wari • Tiwanaku located near Lake Titicaca, at about 13,000 ft. • Agricultural production through raised, lakeside fields • Mostly copper tools and weapons, stone-based large-scale building • Colonies in other ecological zones provides regional trade network • Wari = similar culture to that of Tiwanaku, conflict b/w both = fall • The Inca • Developed vast imperial state, 6 million people by 1525 • 1400s: Inca chiefdom begins to militarily conquer other areas • Pastoralists, mit’a labor makes large urban areas like Cuzco work • Incorporate cultural elements of conquered peoples • Sophisticated urban design, architecture, bronze work The Andean Peoples

8. The Southwestern Desert • The Hohokam • Salt and Gila river valleys, strong Mesoamerican influence • Ball courts and platform mounds • The Anasazi • Agricultural economy based on maize, beans, squash • Social life centered around buildings called kivas • Many Anasazi town built into canyons • Decline as a result of drought, warfare • The Mississippian Mound Builders • Chiefdom based government • Networks of trade tied together by urban centers • Urban core built atop raised mounds, commoners live below on outskirts • Barter system, flint = big commodity • Hunter-gatherers with limited agriculture in beans, squash, maize The Tribes of North America

11. Change comes slower to the peoples of Australia and Oceania • Paleolithic persistence: hunting & gathering • Outside influences: • Outrigger canoes • Fish hooks/complex netting • Artistic style, rituals, mythologies • Firestick Farming • Deliberate fire setting, “cleaning up the country” • Trade in Australia conducted over hundreds of miles • 400s-700s C.E.: New Zealand populated by migrant peoples • Long distance travel between Polynesian islands in Pacific • Polynesians even thought to reach South America • Complex agricultural systems=population growth • Population growth = environmental degradation on small islands, some societies collapse • Larger islands develop stratified social structures Societies of Oceania