New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania

1. New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania Ch. 24

2. I. Colliding Worlds

3. The Spanish Caribbean Small Pox & From Mining to Plantation Agriculture The Taino Spanish Arrival • Hispaniola-Spanish base operations in Caribbean • Spanish found no silk or spices • Attempted mining but not too successful • Encomiendas-natives working for the Spanish in return for taking care of them • Spanish pushed them drastically • Attempted unsuccessful • Rebellion • Social disruption, and • Abuse led to Taino downfall • First interaction between • Euros and Americans people • Prominent in the region • Interest in glass, beads • Metal tools of Spanish • Led to a demographic • Decline • Spanish raiding • Parties increased the • Spread • Eventually some Spanish • Remained in Caribbean • Shifted from mining to • Plantation of cash crop (sugar)

4. The Conquest of Mexico and Peru Hernan Cortes Epidemic Disease Francisco Pizarro • Conquered Inca empire • By exploiting a dispute among • The ruling brothers of the • Empire • Ambushed elites by calling • A “conference” • Decapitated Atahualpa (one • Of the brothers) after he • Delivered the gold • Some allied with Spanish • Because they despised Inca forces • Made his way into • Tenochtitlan (Aztec capital) • Seized Monteczoma II and • Cuauhtémoc • Spanish forces starved the • City into surrender • Weaponry aided in Spanish • Conquest • Division amongst indigenous • People also proved beneficial • As in the Caribbean • Small pox played a role • In the decline of the • Aztecs • Killed so many off • The society was unable • To function

5. Iberian Empires in America Spanish Colonial Administration & New Cities Colonial American Society Portuguese Brazil • Portuguese est. themselves • In Brazil • Treaty of Tordesilla-divided • The world in imaginary North • And South line. • Spain got lands to the west • And Portugal lands to the East • Two centers: Mexico (New • Spain) and Peru (New Castile) • Governed by a Viceroy • Responsible to the king • Viceroys were kings repre- • Sentatives • Audiencias-heard appeals • Against viceroys decisions & • Policies • Transportation & communication • Limited viceroys ability (2 year response) • Many towns under the control • Of audiencieas • Spanish preferred to live in the cities • Cities of Spain • And Portugal were • Of European style • Spoke in native • Languages for gov’t • Business & society • New World • Characterized by • Intense interaction • Between peoples of • America, Europe, & • Africa

6. Settler Colonies in North America Relations w/ Indigenous People & Conflict Foundation Colonies Colonial Gov’t • Relations also differed • Between Spanish & • Portuguese and British • & French colonies w/ • The indigenous. • Brits claimed land • “legally” • Justified by stating • Better use of land • Indigenous often • Disagreed and did not • Recognize “legalities”. • Indigenous mounted • Raids • Europeans retaliate • Disease and violence • Decrease the number • Of Indigenous • Explorers plant colonies • In N. America • Among the explorers • Are the French (Nova Scotia), • British (Eastern coast), • Dutch (New Amsterdam later • New York) • Did not expect to cultivate • At first relied on provisions • From Europe • Expected to only gain • Commodities (fur, tar, lumber) • Avoided starvation due to • Help of the indigenous people • Spanish & Portuguese • Differed from French & • English colonies • French & English had • Private investors • They had their own • Assemblies and influenced • The governors • No viceroys or • Audiencias in the Northern • colonies

7. II. Colonial Society in Americas

8. The Formation of Multi-Cultural Societies Mestizo Societies The Social Hierarchy & Sexual Hierarchies North American Societies • Northern American • Societies different from colonies • Of the Spanish & Portuguese • Metis-French w/Native • Women • English did not really • Intermingle • Saw others as inferior • Especially Africans fueling • Extreme racism • However, English was quick • To be taught by the indigenous • About natural elements around • them • Peninsulares-migrants • Born in Europe (top of • Social structure) • Criollos/Creoles-born • In America of Iberian • Parents • Mestizos lived in the • Outskirts • Mulattos & zambos • Prominent in Brazil • Slaves & conquered at • Bottom of social structure • Race & ethnicity • Important in position & role • In society • Patriarchal society • Race & class a part of a • Woman’s life • Elite women did not seem • As free as poorer women • Spanish and Portuguese • Create mestizo societies • European/Euro- • American dominance • In these settled colonies • Multi-cultural and • Multi-ethnic • Most explorers men • Interact with indigenous • Women hence the “MESTIZO” • Portuguese interacted • w/both indigenous and African • Women • Mulattos-Portuguese & • African • Zambos-Indigenous and • African

9. Mining and Agriculture in the Spanish Empire Silver Mining Labor Systems & Resistance To Spanish Rule Global Significance Of Silver & The Hacienda • Essentially stimulated • Not only the Spanish • Economy but the world • Economy • Quinto-principle • Revenue of the crown • From American • Possessions • Silver traded for • Silk, spices and porcelain • Mining led to other • Occupations which led to • Other opportunities for • Cultivators, herders and • Artisans • Hacienda-estates • Labor for the hacienda was • Done by the indigenous • Encomienda system turned • Into debt peonage • Essentially loans given to • Indigenous by Spanish could • Never pay off because wages • Were so low • Spanish regimes met much • Resistance from indigenous: • Rebellions, retreats, lackluster • Work • Pueblo revolt • Silver more valuable • Than gold • Production in • Zacatecas and Potosi • Employed many • Indigenous • Relied on voluntary • Work but had the mita • Mita-Spanish • Requiring indigenous • To send a percentage • Of their men to work • In return for payment (low) • Death rates high • Many sought to evade • The mita system

10. Sugar and Slavery in Portuguese Brazil The Engenho The Search for Labor Slavery • Cane cultivation • Took a large toll on • The slave community • Working conditions, • Hard labor, tropical heat, • Poor nutrition, inadequate • Housing • Lost 5-10% in slaves • Annually • Owners had little • Incentive to improve • Conditions of slaves • It’s all ECONOMIC. • A complex of land, labor, • Buildings, animals, capital • And technical skills related • To sugar • Combo of agriculture and • Industry • Depended on heavy labor • And specialized skills who • Understood sugar making • Planters and owners were • privileged • More difficult to enlist • Local indigenous as laborers • Not sedentary • Could not rely on indigenous

11. Fur Traders and Settlers in North America The Fur Trade Effects of the Fur Trade Settler Society • Fur trade is lucrative • Began to exploit fur • In the northern lands • Agents, adventurers, • Businessman and • Settlers begin to create • Forts and trading posts • Hides went to Europe • Fur trade had conflict • Decline of beaver pop. • Led to Settlers moving • Inland • This led to natives • Having to invade other • Territories • Fur trade was also a form • Of competition between • European states • Indigenous people became • A part of these rivalries • Settler cultivators posed • Another threat to the • Native ways of the indigenous • Turned hunting grounds • To plantations

12. Fur Traders and Settlers in North America Tobacco and other Cash Crops Slavery in North America Indentured Labor • Some blacks were • Indentured servants, • Other fell into permanent • Servitude • Virginia law recognized • All blacks as slaves • Although the south • Was seen as the area • That used slaves prominently • ALL North American colonies • Participated in the slave trade • For the English one main • Cultivation was tobacco • Popular because of its • Addictive nature • First present with health • BENEFITS. • Other crops were indigo • and rice • High demand for cheap • Labor • Indentured servants • Essentially worked off • Whatever debt they had • In return for freedom

13. Christianity and Native Religions in the Americas Spanish Missionaries & Survival of Native Religions The Virgin of Guadalupe French and English Missions • Roman Catholic Priest • Served as missionaries • And representatives of the • Crown • Reinforce civil administration • Attempted to convert • Indigenous peoples • Make Christianity • Understandable and relatable • Converts hard to come by • Stuck to original faiths • Priests won converts in Spanish • America • Became a blend of Catholicism • and their native traditions • Veneration of Saints • Mestizo embraced • Virgin as a national • Symbol • Miracles is visited • Her shrine • Distinct for Mexican • Faith • Helped to solidify • Catholicism in Mexico • Missionaries did not • Attract as many converts • As they did in Spanish • America • Indigenous not as • Sedentary • Little effort to attempt • conversion

14. III. Europeans in the Pacific

15. Australia and the Larger World Dutch Exploration British Colonists • Dutch settlers first • To sight Australia in 1606 • Nothing interesting • Found New Guinea and • Tanzania • “New Holland” • Few contacts w/ • Indigenous people saw them • As savages • 1770 Europeans become • Interested in Australia • British took a fleet of convicts • And established a penal colony • This began more encounters • Between aboriginals and Europeans

16. The Pacific Islands and the Larger World Spanish Voyages in The Pacific Guam Visitors and Trade and Captain Cook • 18th century brought • Sharp increase of visitors • Into the Pacific • Mostly peaceful • But occasional skirmishes • Cook saw Hawaiians • Related to Tahitians • Got along well • Sailors and women • Consorted • Cooks reports brought • Many Europeans into • The Pacific • Spanish interest • Peaceful trade w/ • Chamorro • Spanish attempted • To impose rule, Chamorro • Opposed but could not • Refuse due to epidemic • Disease • Spanish forces est. • Garrisons and relocated • Chamorro's under • Supervised territories • Spain reached Guam • And Philippines • Inaugurated Manila • Galleons • Did not establish • Regular communications