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Muslim Caliphates

Muslim Caliphates. The Umayyad and Abbasid. Abraham Ismail Adnan. Quraiysh Qussaiy Abdmanaf Abdshams Hashem (Amneh+) Abdallah Abutalib Hamzeh Alabbas Abulahab Alhareth. Adbelmuttalib. Muhammad. Ali. Ummayah Dynasty Abbbassides Dynasty. (661-750). (750-1258).

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Muslim Caliphates

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  1. Muslim Caliphates The Umayyad and Abbasid

  2. Abraham Ismail Adnan Quraiysh Qussaiy Abdmanaf Abdshams Hashem (Amneh+) Abdallah Abutalib Hamzeh Alabbas Abulahab Alhareth Adbelmuttalib Muhammad Ali Ummayah Dynasty Abbbassides Dynasty (661-750) (750-1258)

  3. Umayyad Caliphate 661 – 750 • Capital: Political center of Islam changed from Mecca to Damascus • Mainly Arab city • Focus: Principle concern was expansion of Islam • Umayyad conquests brought material wealth to the caliphate • Government: Mu’awiyah adopted Byzantine administrative practices • Authoritarian • Navy Founded • Bureaucracy isolated themselves from the general public • Saw themselves as “shadows of God on earth” • Problems: • The Arab focus as emphasized by the Umayyad ruling elite caused dissension • The ruling elite equated Islam with Arab descent • Mawali (Non-Arab Muslims) were discriminated against • This ultimately contributed to the downfall of the caliphate and the rise of the Abbasids Pact of Umar: Rights of non-Muslims (dhimmi)

  4. Abbasid Caliphate 750 - 1258 • Capital: moved to the new city of Baghdad • Population of 1 million in 9th Century • Became a center of trade and intellectual thought • Revived Greek classics • Arabic became the language of science and diplomacy • Religious tolerance flourished • Focus: Conquest was not stressed as it was in the Umayyad Caliphate • Came to power via shi’ite support but eventually changed to sunni • The new stress was on development of administrative institutions, commercial enterprise and a legal system • Higher members of society were no longer warriors but now bureaucrats, merchants, and judges • Abandoned the Arab exclusivity • Adopted a policy of Muslim equality • The number of converts increased as conquered peoples now saw this as an advantage } Opposite of Europe

  5. Abbasid Caliphate (cont’d) • Government: First 150 years were marked by political stability and prosperity (Abbasid Empire) • Placed political power in the hands of an absolute monarch • This worked until 945 • At this time, regional dynasties with governors who reported to Baghdad developed and took some of the power away from the absolute rule of the Abbasid Caliphate • Examples: Delhi, Ghazna, Cairo, and Cordoba • Problems: • Power of empire was diminished • 1258 – Abbasid Caliphate falls when Baghdad was sacked by the Hugalu’s Mongol forces

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