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Government Initiatives for Promoting EVs

Learn about Japan's efforts to promote electric vehicles (EVs) through policy measures, subsidies, and targets for reducing fossil fuel dependence and CO2 emissions. Discover the roadmap for battery technology development.

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Government Initiatives for Promoting EVs

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  1. Government Initiatives for Promoting EVs November, 2017 Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)

  2. Contents 1. Facts and Figures 2. Objectives and TargetNumbers 3. The Overview ofOur Efforts 4. Policy Measures 5. Best Practice in Japan 6. Next Step

  3. 1-1 The cumulative numbers of EV・PHV and Charging stations in Japan Public Charger (units) EV・PHV (units) 165,516 27,835 ・The number of EVs and publicchargers has steadily grown. ･There are more than 160,000 EVs and 27,000 chargers in Japan. ・There are almost enough public chargers. For the future, we need to consider more efficient placement of public chargers. 2

  4. 1-2 Public Charging Status As of today, the number of DC quick CHAdeMO chargers reached 7,000 units. （Source Zenrin）

  5. 2-1Why EVs - Reduction of dependence on fossil fuel and CO2 emissions EVs will contribute to a reduction in Japan’s dependency on fossil fuel EVs will contribute to cutting CO2 emissions Dependency on fossil fuel(Transportation sector) CO2 emissions Electricity 2.0% Gas 0.1% LPG 1.6% Transportation sector (vehicle,ship etc.) 217million 《17.2％》 Petroleum products account for over 95% •Which we must reduce to improve our national security •Electricity can be produced from renewable resources •EV can play an important role 2014 3.125×1015 Ｊ CO2 total discharge 1,265 million tons 2014 Gasoline 56.6% 《source》: Japan Green Gas Inventory Report 2016(MLIT) 《source》: Energy White Paper 2016 (METI) 143.2 66.6 47.0 EVs could cut CO2 emissions by half compared to conventional vehicles, contributing to environmental benefits.  ※In the case of considering Japan’s future power generation portofolio. 4

  6. 2-2 TargetNumbers for EVs To meet our international pledge made at COP21 in Paris two years ago, theJapanese government is aiming at increasing the market share of EVs among new car sales to between 20% and 30 % by 2030. Considering that we currently have only 160,000 EVs, this is a very ambitious target.

  7. 2-3 Next Generation VehicleTarget ≪Reference≫ New Passenger Car Sales：4.146M Unit（2016） 【Source】Next Generation Automotive Strategy 2010 Automotive Industrial Strategy 2014 The Japanese government is aiming at increasing the market share of Next Generation Vehicles among new car sales to between 50% and 70 % by 2030.

  8. 3-1The overview ofour efforts What are your concerns when you buy EVs? ※Among your answers to the multiple choice questionnaire, what is your most worrisome aspect?  《source》: Deloitte Tohmatsu Consulting LLC In order to mitigate people’s concerns, we have taken multiple measures.

  9. 4-1 Taxes on EVs Three kinds of taxes are imposed on vehicles in Japan. For the purpose of encourging EVs , we have introduced tax insentives. EVs are given preferential tax treatment. Tax reduction on EVs accounts for about 5% of the vehicle price.

  10. 4-2 Subsidy scheme for car purchase (FY2017 12.3 billion yen) One of the major downsides of EVs : short driving range We have decided to encourage auto manufactures to extend EV driving range by providing subsides according to the maximum range on a full charge. FY2017 maximum range on a full charge(km) 1,000yen/km e.g.) 280km ⇨280,000yen EV × 200,000yen PHV※ ※The subsidies for PHVs are fixed amount, 200,000yen. PHVs are required to be able to run at least 30km on a full charge in order to receive subsidies.

  11. 4-3 Subsidy scheme for charger installation (FY2017: 1.8 billion yen) ○ Budget The Japanese government has spent more than 55 billion yen or about 500 million dollars. Thanks to this subsidy, there are about 28,000 public chargers. ○ We classify charging stations into four categories We are expecting to expand the potential EV market by promoting installation in #3 category. 10

  12. 4-4 The Roadmap of Battery Technology Development (NEDO) One of the major downsides of EVs : short driving range We need to increase the energy density in order to make EVs more competitive with conventional vehicles. (Described as a pack including BMU, etc.) 2020 2030 After 2030 Present (As of end FY2012) 2015⇒　 2020 ⇒　 2030⇒after2030 Energy density: 30 to 50 Wh/kg, Output density: 1,400 to 2,000 W/kg Cost: About \100,000 to 150,000/kWh 200 Wh/kg, 2,500 W/kg About \20,000/kWh Battery with high output density For HEV and PHEV Lifespan: 5 to 10 years, Cycle life: 2,000 to 4,000 10 to 15 years, 4,000 to 6,000 (Energydensity)　 ～100 Wh/kg⇒　 250 Wh/kg ⇒ 500 Wh/kg ⇒ 700 Wh/kg Early diffusion period Diffusion period Early diffusion period Diffusion period Specifications of PHEV (Drivingdistance)120～200 km　⇒　250～350 km ⇒　 500 km⇒ 700 km Driving distance: 25 to 60 km Mounted pack weight: About 100 to 180 kg Mounted pack capacity: 5 to 12 kWh Battery cost: \500,000 60 km 50 kg 10 kWh \200,000 Application Energy density: 60 to 100 Wh/kg, Output density: 330 to 600 W/kg Cost: About \70,000 to 100,000/kWh 250 Wh/kg, Up to 1,500 W/kg About \20,000/kWh or less 500 Wh/kg, Up to 1,500 W/kg About \10,000/kWh 700 Wh/kg, Up to 1,500 W/kg About \5,000/kWh Battery with high energy density For EV Secondary battery with high energy density Lifespan: 5 to 10 years, Cycle life: 500 to 1,000 10 to 15 years, 1,000 to 1,500 10 to 15 years, 1,000 to 1,500 10 to 15 years, 1,000 to 1,500 Early diffusion period Diffusion periodんせ Driving distance: 120 to 200 km Mounted pack weight: 200 to 300 kg Mounted pack capacity: 16 to 24 kWh Battery cost/vehicle cost: About \1.1 to 2.4 million/\2.6 to 3.76 million 250 to 350 km 100 to 140 kg 25 to 35 kWh \500,000 to 800,000/\2 to 2.3 million About 500 km 80 kg 40 kWh \400,000/\1.9 million About 700 km 80 kg 56 kWh \ 280,000/\1.8 million Specifications of EV Specifications of the vehicle aiming to achieve full EV performance (With a battery usage rate of 100%) Issues of secondary batteries Existing LIB Advanced LIB Breakthrough required Innovative battery Elemental technology at issue Spinel Mn series, etc. Carbonate ester-based mixed solvent, etc. Carbon-based material Microporous membrane Higher capacity, higher potential, etc. Flame resistance, high withstand voltage, etc. Higher capacity, etc. Compounding, higher order structuring, dealing with high output, etc. Metal-air batteries (Al, Li, Zn, etc.) Batteries with metallic negative electrode (Al, Ca, Mg, etc.) etc. Positive electrode Electrolyte Technology Negative electrode Separator New battery material combination technology, electrode production technology, solid-solid/solid-liquid interface formation technology, etc. Battery development technology Clarification of the interface reaction mechanism and material transfer phenomenon, clarification of the degradation mechanism, clarification of thermal stability, development of “in situ observation” technology and electrode surface analysis technology, etc. Strengthening fundamental technologies in the long term Other issues Enhancement of safety and environmental resistance as a system, V2H/V2G, used battery use/secondary use, recycling, standardization, clarification of residual performance, charging technology, etc. NEDO: a Japanese R&D funding agency, New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization

  13. 4-5 METI’s Battery R&D Projects National R & D Program for Scientific Innovation of New Generation Batteries RISING2 2016 - 2020 FY 2016 budget: JPY 2.88 billion (US$ 28.8 million) Objectives: ・Develop advanced analytical technologies for battery development ・Develop fundamental technologies for practical realization of innovative batteries(500Wh/kg ) in 2030 EVs Travel range: 120 ～ 200 km Present 250 ～ 350 km Target by 2020 500 km ～ Target after 2030 R&D program is highly important in order to maintain Japan’s competitiveness in the auto industry. 12

  14. 5-1 Best Practice in Japan Japan has two additional major initiatives taken by the private sector and local governments to promote installation of charging stations. １． Initiatives by Private Sector Nippon Charging Service(NCS) In May 2014, four auto manufactures, two power companies and the Development Bank of Japan established a company, Nippon Charge Service (NCS), to promote installation of charging stations and maintain the network services of them. Through its service, the development of charging infrastructure in Japan has been accelerated and now, EV drivers can use more than13,000 charging stations with just one card issued by the company.

  15. 5-2 Best Practice in Japan ２． Initiatives by Local Governments In September 2013at the request of METI, all of 47 prefectural governments established their plans to install charging infrastructure. 7/26 Press conference by Aichi Pref. Governor 4/25 Press conference by Kyoto Pref. Governor 4/2 Press conference by Wakayama Pref. Governor Based on the plans, they are positively involved in promoting charging stations. For example, some of them have their own subsidy schemes for installers, others have been trying to convince potential installers of the significance of installation.

  16. 5-3 Best Practice in Japan 3. Efforts of a Local Government The Japanese government has published booklets for introduce best practices of local governments. For example, one local government promotes EV car sharing and public transportation. We hope by sharing best practices, people get more interested in EVs.

  17. 6-1 Standardization There are four IEC international standards established in 2014 for DC quick charging. To promote EVs worldwide, we have to harmonize. IEC61851 IEC62196 • In April 2014, METI(Japan) and BMWi(Germany) in collaboration with private sectors set up a cooperation scheme on the harmonization of DC charging technologies. (Japan) (China) (USA) (Europe) Connecter Inlet

  18. 6-2 High Power Charging In March 2017,CHAdeMO Association hosted a technology exhibition in Japan. Whereas the standard maximum current for DC Quick Charging had previously been limited to 125 Ampere, the revised standardincreasesmaximum current to 400 Ampere, enabling an increase in charging output from 50kW to 150kW. This helps further improve the convenience of EVs by shortening charging time to approximately 1/3 of previous charging time.

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