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Tyler Bellis Mycology 2013

The Emergence of Fungal Infections in White-tailed Deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) as a Result of Overpopulation. Tyler Bellis Mycology 2013. Contents:. Overpopulation Spread of fungal infections Dermatomycosis Transmission Cases Saprophytic Mold Cases Risk and Prevention.

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Tyler Bellis Mycology 2013

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  1. The Emergence of Fungal Infections in White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) as a Result of Overpopulation Tyler Bellis Mycology 2013

  2. Contents: • Overpopulation • Spread of fungal infections • Dermatomycosis • Transmission • Cases • Saprophytic Mold • Cases • Risk and Prevention

  3. Overpopultaion: Pre Settlement 3-7 deer per square mile (healthy herd size) With Exploitation Nearly Extrapolated Present day As high as 500 deer per square mile in Valley Forge (15 ave)

  4. Factors Contributing to Population Boom • Clear cutting in the early 1900s • Increased Agriculture • Removal/Reduction of predator populations • Enactment of strict hunting laws

  5. Spread of Disease: • Density Dependant Factors • Emergence/Transmission • Extinction Threshold

  6. Dermatomycosis: Known as Ringworm Genus Trychophyton Affects Humans, Pets, and Domestic/ Wild Ungulate Species Thrives in areas of warm moist skin

  7. Transmission: Highly adapted resistant spores enter a host through an open cut or abrasion Once inside the spores germinate and form hyphal structures around hair follicles Follicles will break or fall out Scabs and dry flakes are also very common Usually centered around the face and legs Spores can then be transferred by direct contact

  8. Cases: -1983 six deer in Alberta Canada -3 hunter kills, 2 vehicular, 1 found dead -3 male and 3 female - All deer were collected from separate regions within alberta -Specimen sent to veterinary hospital - Skin scrapings and wet mounts

  9. Saprophytic Mold: • Most commonly known as plant pathogens and human allergens • Genus Alternaria • Spores can be found in soil, water, and indoors • Opportunistic infections (grows on skin and mucous membranes) • Colonies are club shaped and generally form long chains • Appear Green, Black, or Grey on agar

  10. Cases: -2.5 year old buck shot in Cayuga NY -Unusually emaciated and showed signs of a jaw injury -Skin scrapings revealed Alternaria alternate -Replicate Study - same result

  11. Risks and Prevention: • Spread to humans • Rapid spread to other mamalian species • Prevention: • Let nature take its course • Controlled Hunting

  12. Literature Cited: • Artsob Harvey. 1995. Emerging Zoonotic Diseases. Canadian Journal of Infection. 6(4):208-209 • Chalmers G, Barrett M. 1974. Dermatomycosis in a mule deer in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife diseases. 10: 74-80 • Horsley S, Stout S, DeCalesta D. 2003. Whitetailed Deer Impact on the Vegetation Dynamics of a Northern Hardwood Forest. Ecological Applications, 13(1): 98-118 • Hubalek Z. 2000. Keratinophilic fungi associated with free-living mammals and birds. Institute of Vertebrate Biology. 93-103 • Salkin I, Stone W. 1974. SubcutaneusMycotic Infection of Whitetailed Deer. Journal of Wildlife Disease. 10:34-38 • Wobeser G, Mitcham S, Saunders J, Hunt H. 1983. Dermatomycosis (Ringworm) in Mule Deer. Canadian Veterinary, 24: 316-317

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