Sparta was a Greek city-state. Sparta conquered other city-states to gain wealth and power.

1. Sparta • Sparta was a Greek city-state. • Sparta conquered other city-states to gain wealth and power. • There were three classes of people in Sparta. • Citizens, non-citizens, and slaves.

2. The Spartans owned many slaves known as helots. They farmed Spartan estates. A group of Free individuals called “perioeci” were artisans and merchants from conquered territories who worked for the Spartans. Together, these two groups outnumbered the Spartans 200,000 to 10,000. Sparta

3. Sparta Around 650 B.C. the slaves revolted against their Spartan masters; Took 30 years to quell the revolt The Spartans decided to maintain power by establishing a military society

4. All life in Sparta revolved around the army. Men strove to be first-rate soldiers Women worked to be good mothers of soldiers Spartans didn’t like other Greeks who chose to live behind walls for protection Spartan men provided the best protection. Sparta

5. Sparta • Only men born in Sparta were citizens. • Women were not allowed to become citizens, however, women were allowed to own land and businesses, which gave them more freedom than other Greek city-states. • The second class in Sparta was people whocame from other city-states or other countries. They could own businesses but not become citizens. • The third class was slaves.

6. Sparta • Learning to read and write in Sparta was not very important. • Training to become a good soldiers was important. • Young boys were taken from their parents and trained to be soldiers as well as good in sports such as running. • The Agoge • Girls were also trained to be good in sports.

7. Sparta • Married at age 19, not 14 (Greece) • Increased likelihood of healthy baby • Spartan women had more rights • Could shop marketplace • Attend dinners with non-family members • Own property in their names • Express opinions in public • Could not participate in polis government

8. Sparta • There were two Spartan kings— an oligarchy • Didn’t have much power • Primarily religious and military leadership

9. Sparta • The Assembly was made up of all males over 20 and passed laws and made decisions on war and peace. • Each year, the Assembly elected five ephors who could veto laws and performed certain administration functions. • A Council of Elders, 28 men over 60, proposed laws to Assembly and served as a supreme court.

10. Result of Militarism Succeeded in holding power over perioeci and helots for 250 years Suspicious of new ideas and lagged behind other cities in business Much poorer Lagged in intellectual development Exceptional athletes and best protector of Greece John 3:16

11. Athens On a peninsula of central Greece named Attica, Mycenaean descendants established the city-state of Athens. The polis was named after the goddess, Athena

12. Athens Initially, non-landowning citizens could not participate in Athens’s Assembly. Unlike Sparta, Athens gradually expanded its definition of citizenship to include more people Eventually, all free men could be members of the Assembly regardless of what class they belonged to, even the metics—foreign-born citizens

13. Athens The political change that permitted more people to participate in government reduced much of the friction between social classes. Four successive leaders brought changes

14. Draco’s Law Code • Draco issued an improved code of written laws • Aristocrats could no longer dictate what was legal. • Some of his laws were harsh: e.g.,death for stealing cabbage. • Over time, the term “draconian” has come to mean something cruel and severe. • Positive side — the laws were written down and aristocrats could no langer take advantage

15. Solon’s Reforms Leader of Athens 594 B.C. Cancelled all debts and freed debtors from slavery Solon improved economic conditions, promoted trade, fostered industry, and introduced political reforms that moved Athens toward democracy Ordered fathers to teach sons a trade Established 2-house government for political equality

16. Radical Reformers • Peistratus (pih*SIHS*truh*tuhs) • divided large estates among landless farmers • extended citizenship to men who did not own land • offered the poor loans and jobs.

17. Radical Reformers • Cleisthenes came to power in 508 B.C. • Introduced laws that established democracy • Sought to • End local rivalries • Break power of aristocracy • Extend guarantees to more citizens • Reorganize central government

18. Athenian Democracy Cleisthenes, the fourth leader to help reform Athens, established democracy for Athens; under Cleisthenes’ constitution, the Assembly won increased powers and fully emerged as the major political body.

19. Athenian Democracy Each year in a lottery, Athenian citizens chose members of the Council of 500, who carried out daily government business. Citizens favored a lottery believing all citizens were capable of holding office. Elections, in their view, would unfavorably favor the rich who had the advantage fame and training in public speaking.

20. Athenian Democracy Althoughonly 20 percent of Athenians were citizens, ancient Athens laid the foundation for the Western concept of democratic government. Because Athens expected every citizen to hold public office at some time in his life, it required Athenian citizens to educate their sons; girls rarely received a formal education.

21. Athenian Democracy • Jury system decided court cases • From 201 to 1001 members • The more jurors, the less likelihood that they would be bribed, threatened, or show prejudice • Cleisthenes reforms lasted 200 years • Foundation for Western concept of democracy

22. Athenian Education • Athenian men educated because they were expected to hold public office • Women rarely educated • Household duties—baking, weaving, etc. • Private tutors educated wealthy boys • Agora was location for much education • Boys entered school at 7, graduate at 18 John 3:16

23. Athenian Education • Main textbooks were Iliad and Odyssey • Knew them by heart • Arithmetic, drawing, geometry, art, music John 3:16