ARC 344 ENVIRONMENT AND MAN: CAUSE AND EFFECT

1. RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES DIRECT USES,INDIRECT USES,NON-SOLAR Middle East Technical University Northern Cyprus Campus ARC 344 ENVIRONMENT AND MAN: CAUSE AND EFFECT SERDAR GOKHAN YAZOGLU CIVIL ENGINEERING 1615392

2. INTRODUCTION • RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES • SOLAR ENERGY:DIRECT USES • Solar thermalenergy • Solar photovoltaics • SOLAR ENERGY:INDIRECT USES • Hydropower • Windpower • Wavepower • Biomassenergy • NON-SOLAR RENEWABLES • Tidalenergy • Geothermalenergy • CONCLUSION OUTLINE

3. INTRODUCTION • Renewable resources are part of our natural environment and form our eco-system. • Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight,wind,rain,tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable. • Use as much or as little of the renewable electricity you're able to generate without feeling guilty for any wastage. • A variety of renewable energy sources are readily available. • The sun, wind, tides, and geothermal activity are all renewable forms of energy. • Government grants may be available for some natural energy projects depending on your location.

4. Solar thermal energy • Our sun produces 400,000,000,000 watts of energy every second. • The belief is that it will last for another 5 billion years. • Solar thermal energy, which is the oldest way of tapping powerfrom the sun, has been used for years in heating applications for households. http://www.zmescience.com/research/solar-thermal-energy • Advantages of Solar ThermalEnergy • It is allcleanenergy. • Solar power plant does not use any fuel. • Inexpensivewaterheating. • Inexpensivehomeheating. • Unlimitedsource of energy. • Zeroharmfulcarbondioxideemissions. • Solar thermal plants will be more economicalthan plants fueled by oil or natural gas. http://science.howstuffworks.com/

5. Solar photovoltaic ENERGY • Photovoltaic(PV) is a method of generatingelectricalpower by converting solar radiationintoelectricity using semiconductors. • Solar cellsarenowuse in caculators, watches, radios, poweringstreetsignsandtrafficlights. http://www.our-energy.com/world_needs_stronger_renewable_energy_sector.html • Advantages of Solar PhotovoltaicEnergy • Generates free energy from the sun. • Has no moving parts to break down thus requiring minimal maintenance. • Photovoltaic (PV) cells are modular, you can start with a small system and expand as your needs increase. • Systems have a long life & durability. Cells last 25-30 years. • PV cells make no noise and give off no exhaust. http://www.theheatingbusiness.co.uk/renewable-energy/solar-photovoltaic-heating.php

6. hydropower • Hydropower traces its roots to the water wheels used by ancients Greeks to grindwheatintoflour. • China’s Three Gorges Dam is the largest electricity-producing power plant in the world. • By harnessing the power of rivers and oceans, scientists have been able to create a sustainable energy source from water. • Advantages of Hydropower • Environment friendly. • Less expensive. • Maximum output achieved. • Jobs are created in hilly regions. • Low maintenance (minimum staff required). • Disadvantages of Hydropower • Dams are extremely expensive to build and must be built to a very high standard. • The flooding of large areas of land means that the natural environment is destroyed. • The building of large dams can cause serious geological damage. • Building a large dam alters the natural water table level. http://www.findingdulcinea.com/guides/Reference/Alternative-Energy/Hydropower.html

7. WIND POWER • Wind power is the conversion of windpowerinto a useful form of energy ,such as usingwindturbinestomakeelectricity. • A large windfarm may consist of several hundred individual wind turbines which are connected to the electric power transmissionnetwork. • Worldwide there are now many thousands of wind turbines operating, with a total nameplate capacity of 194,400 MW. • Wind power can be an excellent complement to a solar power system. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/5445929/Wind-turbines-on-public-sector- • Advantages of WindPower • Wind power, as an alternative to fossil fuels. • Plentiful • Renewable • Widelydistributed. • Produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation. • Useslittleland. • Disadvantages of Wind Power • Wind turbines Interfere with Television Reception. • Wind turbines kill birds. • Wind turbines are noisy. • Wind itself is not dependable.

8. WaVepower • Wave power is the transport of energy by ocean surface waves, and the capture of that energy to conduct electricity. • Waves are caused by the wind blowing over the surface of the ocean. • In many areas of the world, the wind blows with enough consistency and force to provide continuous waves. • There is tremendous energy in the ocean waves. • There are three main categories that wave power can be split into, these are near shore, at shore and off shore. http://ocsenergy.anl.gov/includes/dsp_photozoom.cfm?imgname • Advantages of Wave Power • Does not generate pollution. • Does not generate solid waste. • Reliable source of energy as water current patterns are predictable. http://www.our-energy.com/ocean_energy.html

9. BIOMASS ENERGY • Climate change is one of the most difficult challenges in world's history. • World is constantly looking at possible options to decrease our dependence on fossil fuels. • Fossil fuels when burned create harmful carbon emissions that end up in Earth's atmosphere, and contribute to global warming phenomenon. • Bioenergy is an excellent renewable energy source if regulated and used properly. • BIOFUELS • Bio-oil • Biodiesel • Bioethanol • Biogass http://prosandconsbiomassenergy.org/pros-and-cons-biomass-energy/

10. BIOMASS ENERGY Disadvantages of Biofuels • More land must be set aside to make biofuels. Natural habitats (flora and fauna) may be lost as a result. • Burning corn may release high concentrations of nitrous oxide into the air, which is a greenhouse gas. • The production and transport of the biofuel to gas stations is very complex, which involves a lot of costs. • Advantages of Biofuels • Biofuels are cheaper than fossil fuels. Many governments are now offering tax incentives to buy greener cars that run on biofuels. • Biofuels are emit less particulate pollution than other fuels, especially diesel. • Biofuels are renewable sources of energy as you can just keep producing more. • Itcan help prevent engine knocking. • Doesn’t require any radical changes to switch to the use of biofuels- unlike the difficulties in switching to other renewable energy sources such as solar andwind power.

11. TIDAL ENERGY • Tidal energy is one of the oldest forms of energy used by humans. • Tide mills consisted of a storage pond, filled by the incoming (flood) tide through a sluice. • Emptied during the outgoing tide through a water wheel. • The tides turned waterwheels, producing mechanical power to mill grain. •  Tidal power is non-polluting, reliable and predictable. • Tidal barrages, undersea tidal turbines - like wind turbines but driven by the sea - and a variety of machines harnessing undersea currents are under development. • Unlike wind and waves, tidal currents are entirely predictable. • Tidal energy is a renewable source of electricity which does not result in the emission of gases responsible for global warming. http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/intelligent-energy/animal-magnetism-how-wave-tidal-energy-devices

12. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY • Geothermal energy is the heat from the Earth. • It's clean and sustainable. Resources of geothermal energy range from the shallow ground to hot water. • Hot rock found a few miles beneath the Earth's surface,and down even deeper to the extremely high temperatures of molten rock called magma. • People have made use of geothermal energy in the form of hot springs for centuries. • The first attempt to generate electricity from this energy source did not occur until the 20th century. http://news.discovery.com/earth/geothermal-hot-times-for-an-old-energy-source-111121.html • There are three types of geothermal energy • Dry Steam:Power plants using dry steam systems were the first type of geothermal power generation plants built. • Flash Steam:Flash steam plants are the most common type of geothermal power generation plants in operation today.  • Binary Cycle:Binary cycle geothermal power generation plants differ from dry steam and flash steam systems because the water or steam from the geothermal reservoir never comes in contact with the turbine/generator units.

13. CONCLUSION • ADVANTAGES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES • Renewable energy sustainable and so will never run out. • Renewable energy produces little or no waste products such as carbon dioxide or other chemical pollutants. • Renewable energy has minimal impact on the environment. • Renewable energy projects can also bring economic benefits. • DISADVANTAGES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES • Renewable energy is that it is difficult to generate the quantities of electricity. •  Renewable energy often relies on the weather for its source of power.  • It is a new technology and as such has extremely large capital cost. http://www.bellona.org/imagearchive http://www.bellona.org/imagearchive

14. References • Boyle,G. , Everett,B. ,andRamage,J. (2010) EnergySystemsandSustainability.John WileyHighEducationPub. • Boyle,G.(2004)RenewableEnergy.Oxford University Press in association with the Open University in Oxford, New York. • Kruger,P.(2006) AlternativeEnergyResources.John WileyandSonsIncPub. • Pimental,D., andPimental,M.H.(2007)Food, Energy, andSociety.3. Edition. • Quasching,V. (2010)RenewableEnergyandClimateChange.John WileyandSons, Ltd. • Sangster,A.J.(2010)Energyfor a WarmingWorld.SpringerPub.