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Class Website

Class Website. http://highland4ubio.weebly.com /. Quotes of the Day. " Imagination is more important than knowledge.” -Einstein “In the beginning the Universe was created. This has made a lot of people very angry and is widely regarded as a bad move .”

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Class Website

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  1. Class Website http://highland4ubio.weebly.com/

  2. Quotes of the Day "Imagination is more important than knowledge.” -Einstein “In the beginning the Universe was created. This has made a lot of people very angry and is widely regarded as a bad move.” - Douglas Adams (A Hitchhiker’s guide to the Galaxy) “There is nothing noble in being superior to your fellow man; true nobility is being superior to your former self.” - Ernest Hemingway

  3. Reproductive Hormones

  4. Reproductive Hormones • There are 3 hormones involved with reproductions that are common to both sexes: • Luteinizing hormone (LH) • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) - secreted from the hypothalamus at puberty, activating the pituitary gland to release FSH and LH.

  5. Male Reproductive Hormones • Luteinizing hormone (LH) • Released by anterior pituitary • Promotes production of testosterone by interstitial cells in the testes • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) • Released by anterior pituitary • Stimulates Sertoli cells in the testes to increase sperm production

  6. Male Reproductive Hormones • Testosterone • Produced in the testes • Stimulates sperm production & secondary male characteristics (i.e. beard, vocal chords) • High levels of testosterone signal hypothalamus to inhibit LH production (negative feedback)

  7. Female Reproductive Hormones • Luteinizing hormone (LH) • produced in anterior pituitary • triggers ovulation & formation of corpus luteum • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) • produced in anterior pituitary • stimulates follicle (ovum) development

  8. Female Reproductive Hormones • Estrogen • secreted by the developing follicle (containing the egg) in the ovary • responsible for secondary female characteristics (i.e. breasts) • Progesterone • secreted by the corpus luteum • prepares the uterus for and maintains pregnancy

  9. Ovulation • Egg cells (ova, also known as oocytes) are produced in groups of cells called follicles within the ovary • These follicles begin development of the egg upon stimulation by FSH & LH • Many follicles develop during each female reproductive cycle, but usually only one becomes dominant and reaches maturity

  10. Ovulation • Once the oocytes have reached maturity, the follicle ruptures, releasing the mature oocyte • This process is known as ovulation • Remaining follicle cells develop into the corpus luteum, which secretes estrogen & progesterone essential for pregnancy

  11. Menstrual Cycle 4 distinct phases: • Flow phase • Shedding of the endometrium, or lining of the uterus (menstruation) • Follicular Phase • Development of follicles within the ovary • Estrogen secreted

  12. Menstrual Cycle • Ovulation • Luteal Phase • Development of corpus luteum • Corpus luteum secretes both estrogen & progesterone • Progesterone prepares uterus for an embryo and prevents contractions • If fertilization of the egg does not occur, estrogen & progesterone levels fall, and contractions begin, marking menstration

  13. Endocrine Disruptors • Many factors present in the environment can interfere with homeostatic mechanisms. Examples: pesticides, heavy metals, organochlorines, plasticizers, surfactants • Some of these compounds fall into the category of Estrogen Mimicking Compounds (EMCs). They disrupt endocrine systems because they have chemical structures similar to estrogen and can bind to estrogen receptor sites.

  14. Estrogen Mimicking Compounds (EMCs) Evidence exists to show that EMCs are related to many reproductive system malfunctions, including: • cancers • low sperm count • low birth rates • delayed sexual maturation • abnormal anatomy Reducing the risk of exposure: • 1. eat low on the food chain • 2. reduce use of plastics, especially food related • 3. avoid pesticides • 4. quit smoking

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