The Scientific Revolution

1. The Scientific Revolution Chapter 22 section 1 Page 545

2. The Renaissance inspired a spirit of curiosity • The Reformation encouraged leaders to challenge the accepted ways of thinking about God and salvation • A new Revolution was occurring in Europe that will challenge how people view their space in the universe- the Scientific Revolution

3. Medieval View • Before 1500, people thought whatever the bible or ancient philosopher said must be true • Few European scholars questioned the scientific ideas of ancient thinkers or the church by carefully observing nature

4. Geocentric Theory • During the Middle Ages most scholars believed the earth was unmoving, and was the center of the universe • According to the belief, the sun, moon and other planets revolved around the earth • Common sense supported that view- it seemed the sun rises and sets everyday • This was known as the Geocentric theory • Was supported by Aristotle and Greek astronomer Ptolemy • The church supported this theory as well, and taught that God had purposely put the earth in the center of the universe

6. Ptolemy’s Geocentric theory

7. New Way of Thinking • A few scholars published works that challenged the old ways of thinking in the 1500s, launching a change in European thought • Historians call this the Scientific Revolution- a new way of thinking about the world based on observation and willingness to question old beliefs

8. During the Renaissance, scholars uncovered many old manuscripts and realized that ancient authorities didn’t always agree with each other • As Europeans traveled to Africa, Asia and the America’s, discoveries that had been unknown for centuries, just proved the possibility of new truths

9. Nicolaus Copernicus • First major challenge to the old ways of thinking was in astronomy • A small group of scholars questioned the geocentric theory • After studying planetary movements for over 25 years, Nicolaus Copernicus concluded that the stars, earth and other planets revolved around the sun

10. Heliocentric Theory • Copernicus’s heliocentric theory (sun-centered theory) was rejected by most scholars and clergy because it contradicted religious views • Fearing persecution and ridicule, Copernicus didn’t publish his findings until 1543, the last year of his life • He received a copy of his book, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, on his deathbed

11. Over the next few centuries, scientists based their ideas on Copernicus’s findings • Tycho Brahe recorded the movements of planets for many years • His assistant, Johannes Kepler proved Copernicus’s basics were true through mathematics • Kepler couldn’t see well and had limited use of his hands due to suffering from small pox as a child

12. Johannes Kepler Johannes Kepler’s view of solar system

13. Galileo Galilei • 1581, Galileo sat in a cathedral and noticed the chandelier swing on its chain • Aristotle said a pendulum’s rhythm starts to slow as it approaches its resting place • Using his pulse, Galileo timed the chandelier’s swings, and each swing of the pendulum took exactly the same amount of time • Galileo had discovered the law of the pendulum

14. Law of the Pendulum

15. …and more from Galileo • Galileo also found that a falling object accelerates at a fixed and predictable speed • He tested Aristotle’s theory that heavy objects fall faster than lighter ones by dropping stones of different weights from the Leaning Tower of Pisa What do you think….will a basketball and a volleyball both land at the same time, although they are different weights? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHh3jJoW3zA

16. …and he discovered even MORE! • After hearing that a Dutch lens maker had built an instrument that could enlarge far off places, Galileo successfully built his own telescope without ever seeing the original device Galileo’s telescope

17. Galileo used his telescope to “study the heavens” 1610 hew published a series of newsletters called Starry Messenger, describing his amazing findings He told of Jupiter’s 4 moons, and the dark spots on the sun, and the rough, uneven surface of the moon This shattered Aristotle’s theory that the moon and stars were made of a pure, perfect substance

18. Conflict With the Church • Galileo’s findings scared leaders of Catholic and Protestant leaders because they went against church teaching and authority • If people believed the church could be wrong about this…. what else were they wrong about?

19. The Warning • 1616, the Catholic church warned Galileo not to defend the ideas of Copernicus • Galileo remained silent publicly, but continued his studies • In 1632, Galileo published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems that presented both views, but it was clear that Galileo supported Copernicus’s view

20. The pope was angry, and summoned Galileo to stand trial before the Inquisition Under the threat of torture, Galileo knelt before the cardinals and read aloud a signed confession agreeing Copernicus’s findings were false “With sincere heart and unpretended faith I abjure, curse and detest the aforesaid errors and heresies of Copernicus and also every other error…contrary to the Holy Church, and I swear that in the future I will never again say or assert anything that may cause similar suspicion toward me.” -Galileo

21. Galileo lived under house arrest and died in 1642 at his villa near Florence • His books and ideas still spread all over Europe In 1992, pope John Paul II officially acknowledged that Galileo was correct in asserting that the earth revolves around the sun, but concluded that the church acted in good faith, and worked with the knowledge of their time Seriously??

22. The Scientific Method • This revolution in scientific thinking that Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo began, eventually led to a new approach to science called the scientific method • The scientific method is a logical procedure for gathering and testing idea • Begins with a problem or question arising from an observation scientists form a hypothesis hypothesis is tested in an experiment scientists analyze and interpret data and reach conclusion

23. Scientific Method

24. Francis Bacon • Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes helped advance this new approach • Bacon believed that lives could improve through science and knowledge • As an English politician and writer, he attacked the ideas of ancient thinkers, and urged scientists to experiment

25. Rene Descartes • Developed analytical geometry, linking together algebra and geometry • Believed scientists needed to reject old ideas and use math and logic to determine truths • The only thing he knew for certain was that he existed-because, as he wrote, “I think, therefore I am”.

26. Newton’s Law of Gravity • Isaac Newton studied mathematics and physics at Cambridge University • By age 24, he was sure all physical objects were affected equally by the same forces • Newton’s great discovery was that the same force ruled the motions of the pendulum, planets and all matter on earth and space • According to this law, every object in the universe attracts every other object • The degree of attraction depends on the mass of the objects and the distance between them

28. In 1687, Newton published his ideas in a work called Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy • In the book he described the universe as a giant clock, with all parts working together perfectly explained mathematically

29. Scientific Instruments • 1590- first microscope developed by Dutch eyeglass maker, Zacharias Janssen • 1670s- Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a microscope to observe red blood cells and bacteria swimming in tooth scrapings

30. 1714 Dutch physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit created first thermometer to use mercury in glass, showing water freezing at 32 degrees 1742-Swedish astronomer, Anders Celsius created another scale for the mercury thermometer, showing freezing at 0.

31. Medicine and the Human Body • During Middle Ages, European doctors had accepted as fact, the writings of ancient Greek physician Galen • Galen had never dissected a human being, but studied the anatomy of pigs and other animals • Galen assumed the anatomy of a human was the same

32. Anatomy of a Pig Anatomy of a human

33. Galen’s assumptions were proved wrong by Andreas Vesalius, a physician who dissected a human corpse- despite the disapproval of this practice He published his observations in his book, On the Fabric of the Human Body which was filled with detailed diagrams of human organs, bones and muscle

34. Vaccines • 1700s British doctor Edward Jenner introduced a vaccine to prevent smallpox • He did this by using live germs from cowpox (cattle disease, but much milder than smallpox) • Inoculation had been used in Asia for years, and could be considered dangerous, but because he used a milder disease, the risks were lower **inoculation- to introduce (the causative agent of a disease) into the body of (a person or animal), in order to induce immunity **

35. Robert Boyle, considered as the founder of chemistry, explained how volume, temperature, and pressure affect each other, in his book, The Sceptical Chemist • Another chemist, Joseph Priestley, separated one pure gas from air in 1774 and noticed how good he felt after breathing this special air

36. You can go to oxygen bars and breathe in pure oxygen

38. Other scholars and philosophers applied a scientific approach to other areas of life • They believed themselves to be rationale, orderly and industrious- or enlightened • These people would become the leaders of an intellectual movement called the Enlightenement