The Industrial Revolution 1700-1900

1. The Industrial Revolution1700-1900 Chapter 9 Pages 280-309

2. The Beginnings of Industrialization Section 1

3. Revolution??? • Industrial Revolution? • Increased output of _____________________________ goods that began in ____________________ in the middle 1700’s • Spread to rest of Europe & North America • Before Revolution? • People wove _________________ by __________________ • People made _________________ by ___________________

4. Agriculture Paves the Way… • Wealthy landowners bought up _________________, enclosed the land with __________________, & then experimented • __________________ farmers were forced to become ___________ farmers or they gave up farming & moved to _______________ • Led to more _____________________________________& harvesting methods = more ______________________________ • __________________– invented the _____________in 1701. • Allowed farmers to ___________seeds in well-spaced rows at specific __________________ = boosted crop yields • Before this, farmers just _____________________ seeds on _____________ the ground

5. Rotating Crops • One of the best developments by _____________________________ farmers • Improvement on the _______________________ system • Planted _______________________ crops in different fields each year to keep _____________________ in the soil (4-field system)

6. Why it Began in England? • Large population of ________________________ • Extensive ____________________ resources • Water power & __________________ • _______________ to construct machines, tools, & buildings • __________________ for transportation • __________________ for merchant ships • Expanding economy, business men invested _______ • Highly developed ____________________________ • ________________________ stability • ____________________ passed to encourage & protect business _____________________________

7. Inventions in Textile Industry • _________________ – created a “_________________” made of ________________ that had a ___________ shaped design & ______________ was attached. It __________________ a weaver’s work in a day. • ________________________– invented a spinning wheel, “__________________________”, that let a worker to uses ______ threads at a time • _________________________ – invented the water frame that used __________________ instead of hand power to move the ____________________________

8. _____________________ – “______________________” made thread stronger, ______________ , & more consistent. It used __________________________. • _____________________________– power loom sped up the ______________________ process • _____________________– “_____________________”, machine used to remove the ________________ from the raw cotton. This ___________________________ the amount of cotton that could be cleaned in a day.

9. Improvements in Transportation • ________________________– made the ______________________ work faster & more efficient while burning _________________________ • ________________________________ – built a steamboat “______________________” & it made it’s first successful trip in _______________ & was then used as a ferry on _______________________________ • _______________________– improved ____________ in England by putting a layer of ________________ down for drainage & then put crushed rocks on top. “_____________________________” roads.

10. The Railway Age Begins • _______________________________– built the world’s first _______________________ line. __________ miles long & used _______ locomotives. • Also invented the “_________________” steam engine that could haul ______ tons at _________ miles per hour (very fast for 1830) • Major effects of the locomotive…. • _____________________________ transportation • Spurred _____________________________ growth • Boosted England’s agriculture & ________________ industries • Created _______________________for railroad workers & miners • Encouraged people to _____________, ________________, & take __________________ further away from home

11. Industrialization Section 2

12. Industrial Cities Rise • ________________________ - after 1800, more people living in ________________ than _______________ areas b/c of the growth of ________________ jobs that paid more • Cities built ______________, usually near _______________ • _______________________ – most important city & became Europe’s ________________________ city • Factories were built _________________to each other b/c they all were near _____________ (____________) for power

13. Living Conditions • No _____________________ plans, no ______________ codes, no ___________________codes • Whole families lived in ________________ room • ______________ spread fast b/c dark & dirty conditions • Avg. life span in city – _______ years, rural areas – _______years • Cities lacked adequate housing, ____________________, & ________________________ • ________________ streets had no _________________ & ________________________heaps were left on them • Wealthy merchants & factory owners lived lavish lifestyles, built _______________ in the ________________

14. Factory Working Conditions • Average person worked ________ hours a day, ________ days a week • Factories were not ________ well & very __________ • Many ____________________ by machines • ______________________ had the most dangerous job – the work made their life span _________ years shorter due to the conditions • Cheapest sources of labor were __________________________________________

15. The Middle Class • Factory owners, ________________, & merchants • _______________ workers, professionals, business people, & _____________________ farmers • ____________________________________… • Government employees, doctors, lawyers, & managers of factories, mines, & shops • Low-Middle Class… • Factory overseers, skilled workers; ___________________, mechanical ___________________, & printers

16. Positive Effects of Ind. Rev. • Created ______________ for workers • Contributed to the _______________ of the nation • Encouraged _______________________ progress & ______________________________ • Increased the production of ____________________ • Raised the _________________________________________ • __________________________________________ • Better ______________________________ • Cheaper mass-produced ____________________________ • Expanded _________________________ opportunities

17. Industrialization Spreads Section 3

18. In the United States • Had the same _______________needed as in England • Began with the __________ industry just like England • 1813 - _____________________________ & 4 others mechanized every stage in the manufacturing of ____________ and set up a factory in _________________________________. • Became _________________ center & model for other cities • Rural young single _______________ left homes for jobs to make higher wages working _______ hours a day _____ days a week

19. The _____________________ experienced most of the industrial growth in the 1800’s • Most of the U.S. was _____________________ until after the _________________ (1865) then experienced the industrial boom due to… • Wealth of natural resources: _______, coal, ___________ • Lots of new inventions: electric _______________, telephone • Growing __________________ population • Cities near _______________________ also grew; Chicago & _____________________________

20. In Germany • Imported ____________ equipment & ____________________ • Sent _____________________ to England to learn industrial management • Built ______________________ that linked manufacturing cities • Due to the economic growth they were able to develop as a ____________________________

21. Impact of Industrialization • Increased ________________________ b/t industrialized nations & poverty in poorer nations • Widened the ________________b/t the two types of nations • Industrialized countries used less-developed nations (_______________________) to gain _______ materials • _______________________ grew out of the Ind. Rev. b/c of the need for resources & ___________________

22. Reforming the Industrial world Section 4

23. Laissez-Faire Economics • __________________ policy of letting ______________ of industry & business set working conditions w/out interference from the __________________________ • A _________________________ unregulated • Free trade & no ____________ regulations = ______________ • __________________ term means… • “let do” • “ let people _________________________________” • From the philosophers of the _____________________________

24. Adam Smith • Professor at University of ________________________ • Wrote, ___________________________________, 1776 • Economic liberty guaranteed economic progress • The three natural laws of economics… • Law of __________________: People work for their own good • Law of _________________: Forces people to make a better product • Law of ______________________________: enough goods will be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand

25. Capitalism • An economic system in which the factors of production are ____________________________ & money is invested in business ventures to make a profit • _____________________________ wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798 • Population increased more rapidly than _____________________________ • w/out war & __________________________ to kill, people were destined to be poor & miserable

26. _________________________ wrote Principles of Political Economy & ______________________, 1817 • Permanent underclass would always be _______________ • ___________________ would be forced down as population increased • Smith, Malthus, & Ricardo all opposed __________________ efforts to help poor workers. • Creating _____________________________ laws & better working conditions would… • upset the free market system • _____________________ profits • Undermine the production of _________________ in society

27. Utilitarianism • Introduced by ________________ philosopher _________________________________ • gov’t actions are useful only if they promote the greatest ______________ for the greatest ____________________________________________ • His beliefs… • People should judge ideas, institutions, & actions on their utility (_________________________) • Individuals should be free to pursue his/her own ________________________ w/out interference from ___________________________

28. _______________________________ questioned unregulated __________________________ • His beliefs… • It was wrong workers led deprived lives & wanted to help the __________________ working population by having an ________________ division of profits • Favored a _____________________ system of agriculture • Saw the need for __________________________ , including voting rights • Pushed for reforms in _______________ system, ____________________ system, & education system

29. Utopian Ideas • “A _____________________ living place” • ____________________– owned cotton mill in ______________________ & wanted to help the working class living in poverty • His Solution… • Built ____________ near factory & ______________ them at low rates • Children ____________________couldn’t work in his factory • Provided free __________________________________ • Tried a cooperative community in ______________________ • Only lasted _____ years, but was an inspiration for others

30. Socialism • Factors of production are owned by the _______________ & operate for the welfare of all • Grew out of ___________________ view of human nature, belief in progress, & concern for __________________________ • Supporters Believed… • _____________ should plan economy rather than depend on free-market capitalism • Gov’t control of __________________, mines, railroads, & other key industries would end ________________ & promote equality

31. Marxism: Radical Socialism • ___________________ introduced a radical type of socialism called Marxism in the ________ page pamphlet called ______________________________ • Written by Karl Marx & ___________________________ • Marx’s Background… • German • Studied _____________________, journalism, & economics • Left Germany for ________________________ in 1849 • Earned a meager living as a __________________________

32. The Communist Manifesto • Humans have always been divided into ___________ • “Haves” – middle class or employers called the ______________________________ • “Have-nots” – workers called the ______________________ • The wealthy controlled ______________ of producing goods, the poor performed the ________________ under terrible conditions • _____________________ enriched the wealthy & _________________________ the poor • Prediction – workers would ___________________________ the owners

33. Marx’s Beliefs • ____________ system would eventually destroy itself • Workers would __________, seize the _____________, & then produce what society ________________ • Workers would share the _______________ = economic __________________ • Workers would control gov’t by __________________ • Final phase “________________________” – complete socialism in which the means of production (land, mines, factories, railroads, & businesses) would be owned by the____________________________ • ** _______________________________would NOT exist • All goods & services would be shared equally by the people

34. Effects of Marx & Engels • 1848 & 1849 – widespread revolts, but were eventually crushed • 1900’s – inspired Russia (_____________), China (_______________), & Cuba (___________________) • Each adapted the beliefs to fit their own specific situations

35. Unionization • Workers joined together in ______________________ labor associations • Engaged in ______________________ b/t workers & employers for better working _______________, higher pay, etc. • If owner refused, workers would _______________ • ___________________ outlawed unions until 1825 • people were ________________ or lost their job

36. Reform Laws in England • ____________________– illegal to hire children under ________ years old, kids ___________ couldn’t work more than 8 hours, ____________couldn’t work more than 12 hours • _________________________– prevented women & children from working underground • ________________________- limited work day to 10 hours for women & children

37. Other Reforms • Abolition of _____________________ • Women’s rights – _____________________________ • ___________________________– free education • Prison Reforms – means to lead _______________ lives upon ____________________ & better conditions