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Investment Objective. Investment objectives are defined in two dimensions: Risk and Return Portfolio managers maximize return for risk undertaken Stability of principal Income Growth of Income Capital Appreciation. Investment Constraints. Wealth Holding period Liquidity Regulations
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Investment Objective Investment objectives are defined in two dimensions: Risk and Return Portfolio managers maximize return for risk undertaken Stability of principal Income Growth of Income Capital Appreciation Investment Theory & Portfolio Management / Introduction
Investment Constraints Wealth Holding period Liquidity Regulations Taxes Investment Theory & Portfolio Management / Introduction
Investment Process Asset classes and asset allocation Portfolio formation within each asset class Portfolio maintenance Investment Theory & Portfolio Management / Introduction
Asset Allocation Strategic asset allocation Determine investor’s objective Determine investor’s willingness to take risk Form a portfolio with appropriate risk level Dynamic rebalancing Occasional adjustment of the portfolio to keep its relative risk at a predetermined level. Tactical asset allocation Market timing tool, judging the relative values of the various assets. Investment Theory & Portfolio Management / Introduction
Portfolio Formation • Equal-weighted portfolio • Value-weighted portfolio • Price-weighted portfolio • Efficient portfolio Investment Theory & Portfolio Management / Introduction
Portfolio Maintenance Over Time • Buy and Hold: • Buy a broad-based portfolio and sit back. • The riskiness of one’s portfolio will change over time • Constantly Rebalanced Portfolio: • Make your initial investment based on your risk tolerance level. • Periodically rebalance by selling riskier assets that appreciated, or adding to conservative assets Investment Theory & Portfolio Management / Introduction
Portfolio Maintenance Over Time • Portfolio Insurance: • Make your initial investment based on your risk tolerance level. • Sell riskier assets and invest in safer assets when the portfolio value falls below the specified minimum value • Dollar-Cost Averaging: • Easy to start, no need to time the markets, tailor- • made for investor without a large sum of money • Invest a fixed amount of money periodically, buy more of a given investment when its price is lower and less when its price is higher. Investment Theory & Portfolio Management / Introduction
Performance Evaluation Performance - Return Arithmetic average rate of return Geometric average rate of return (time-weighted) Dollar weighted average rate of return Performance – Risk-Adjusted Return Sharpe Index Treynor Index Alpha What is the proper benchmark? Performance Attribution Models Investment Theory & Portfolio Management / Introduction