The Byzantine Empire

1. The Byzantine Empire The Split of Rome and the foundations for Russia

2. Eastern Europe: Heir to the Byzantine Empire- • What was the geography of Eastern Europe? • Who are the people that make up this area? • Kievan Russia: What is that all about? • What impact did the Mongols have on Russia?

3. The Byzantine Empire Out of Rome Into Russia

5. The Byzantine Empire was the eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived for a thousand years after the western half had crumbled into various feudal kingdoms and which finally fell to Ottoman Turkish onslaughts in 1453. • The city of Byzantium grew from an ancient Greek colony founded on the European side of the Bosporus.

6. The Empire at it’s Height • 565-1000 • The empire withstood attacks from the Persians, Slavs, Arabs, Vikings, Mongols and the Turks • The empire was able to hold on to the Balkans and parts of Asia minor. • The strong central gov’t helped keep the empire in tact.

7. Where exactly was this empire?Geography & History Questions • The empire generally is known to last from about 500 AD-1500. • Built on the Eastern portion of the Roman Empire. While the west was falling, the east maintained the culture of Rome. • The major city was Constantinople.

9. Age of Justinian • 527-565 • He rebuilt the Hagia Sophia

10. ByzantiumThe Byzantine emperor Justinian (527-565 CE) is best remembered for organizing ancient Roman laws into a collection of civil laws known today as Justinian's Code.  It was so successful, that later rulers only added to it or updated it periodically. Justinian's Code became the foundation of medieval law, and was even used by the Roman Catholic Church. Today, international law still uses some concepts first assembled by Justinian.

11. Code of Laws • Corpus Juris Civilis “Body of Civil Law” • Included Roman ideals • This sets the foundations for civil and church laws • Law was meant to unite an empire (one law for all people)

12. Classical Contributions to the Development of Law Greece first direct democracy defined roles of citizen in government Rome Laws of the Twelve Tables first law code that applied to all people Byzantium Justinian's Code foundation of medieval law

14. Justice is the set and constant purpose which gives to every man his due. jurisprudence is the knowledge of things divine and human, the science of the just and the unjust.... The precepts of the law are these: to live honestly, to injure no one, and to give every man his due. The study of law consists of two branches, law public and law private. The former relates to the welfare of the Roman State; the latter to the advantage of the individual citizen. Of private law then we may say that it is of threefold origin, being collected from the precepts of nature, from those of the law of nations, or from those of the civil law of Rome. The law of nature is that which she has taught all animals; a law not peculiar to the human race, but shared by all living creatures, whether denizens of the air, the dry land, or the sea. Hence comes the union of male and female, which we call marriage; hence the procreation and rearing of children, for this is a law by the knowledge of which we see even the lower animals are distinguished. The civil law of Rome, and the law of all nations, differ from each other thus.

15. Christianity in the Empire • The Byzantine emperor was the highest ranking person in the church (but not a priest) • There was a rejection of the Pope’s role and rule. • The clergy could marry • Easter is the MOST important holiday. • Greek was the language…not Latin.<in church> • The great “schism” or split happened in 1054 -This split the Eastern Orthodox & Roman Catholic Church. Eastern Orthodox is the primary religion of Eastern Europeans…(Russians, Ukrainians…)

16. Impacts on the Region • Laws • Strong trading economy • Learning • Fosters the growth of Russia (Kiev)

17. Eastern Europe: Heir to the Byzantine Empire- • What was the geography of Eastern Europe? • Who are the people that make up this area? • Kievan Russia: What is that all about? • What impact did the Mongols have on Russia?

19. The Geography of Russia • There are 3 ZONES: • 1. NORTHERN FORESTS • SOUTHERN FERTRILE LANDS (UKRAINE-THE BREAD BASKET OF RUSSIA) • SOUTH- STEPPE • STEPPE- OPEN GRASSY TREELESS PASTURES THAT WERE GOOD FOR NOMADIC FARMERS. • THE RIVER NETWORKS SERVED AS EXCELLENT TRANSPORTATION FOR PEOPLE AND GOODS… • THE DNIEPER AND THE VOLGA WERER THE 2 MAIN RIVERS.

20. Growth of Kiev • Earliest peoples: The Slavs- clanlike people that lived in small villages. • The Varangians/Vikings- from Scandanavia • Tremendous Byzantine influence- Religion, Language • Religion- Eastern Orthodox • Language- Cyrillic • Art- Domes

21. Mongol Conquest of Russia • By 1200 the Golden Horde came through Russia and conquered all in their path. • Ghenghis Kahn… • During his conquest he allowed for locals to practice their religion and language for HEAVEY TRIBUTES/TAXES • There was absolute control of the Russians…this RETARDED their growth!

22. By 1050 Wars with the Khans & internal problems • The Mongols (Golden Horde) interact w/ Russia • The Mongols allow Russia to keep her religion for heavy taxes or tributes • The system of feudalism is established • By 1240-1500 The “Dark Ages of Russia” • Look at the dates what is going on in Western Europe?

23. The Emergence of the Ivans • Ivan I: 1328 Prince of Moscovy (appointed grand prince by the Khan) • Ivan the Moneybags (he collect the $ from the peasants that was given to the Kahn) • Ivan II & III see the weakening of the Kahn in Russia • Ivan III unified most of the territories against the Kahn/Mongols • He refuses to pay tributes • He is known as Ivan the Great • The term TSAR or CZAR is used for Caesar • Ivan IV “The Terrible” • He gave power to the nobles and made life for the serfs worse. (this is at a time when serfdom in Western Europe was coming to an end) pp.228-230