U.S. History 102

1. U.S. History 102 Week 3

2. The Roaring Twenties

3. Americans move in large numbers to urban areas. “Great Migration” by African-Americans Mass Media revolution: mass audiences + advertising = $ “Talkies” in film Jazz Singer Newspapers Use of newsprint doubled from 1914-1927 Radio Pioneered by Pittsburgh engineer Frank Conrad Changing America

4. 18th Amendment bans alcohol Volstead Act passed to enforce amendment Widely ignored in major cities Effects Bootlegging Speakeasies Organized Crime Began with bootlegging and spread to gambling, prostitution, and racketeering Prohibition

5. Early 1900s Science and technology were taking a larger role in society War and widespread problems led to questioning of God’s existence Scholars state Bible was written by humans and contained contradictions and historical inaccuracies Religious response was outlined in 12 pamphlets called the Fundamentals that established fundamentalism Supported traditional Christian beliefs about Jesus God inspired the Bible so there cannot be contradictions or errors Bible is literally true and every word in it actually took place as described Rise of Fundamentalism Billy Sunday

6. 1859 – Charles Darwin published Origin of Species establishing the theory of evolution stating all living species developed over time from simpler life forms including humans Fundamentalists feel the theory contradicts the Bible and lobby states to ban its teaching in public schools 1925 – Tennessee enacts such a ban and science teacher John T. Scopes defied the law and was arrested Mass media converged on the town Battle between modern beliefs and traditional values Finale saw prosecuting attorney Bryan admit under oath that even he did not interpret all the Bible literally Bryan died days later and viewed as a martyr Scopes found guilty of teaching evolution and fined $100 Scopes Monkey Trial Clarence Darrow & William Jennings Bryan

7. 1917 – Russian (October) Revolution establishes communism Government becomes fearful of communism in the US Schenck v. U.S. Supreme Court rules the government can restrict speech if it causes “a clear and present danger” Gitlow v. New York States can restrict speech advocating the overthrow of the government Palmer Raids Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer orders the arrests of thousands of suspected radicals without evidence, charging them with anarchy Sacco & Vanzetti Immigrant anarchists convicted on murder charges on circumstantial evidence in 1920 Labor Unions decline due to immigrant membership and association with communist principles, i.e. collectivization Red Scare A. Mitchell Palmer

8. Say, there, did you hear the news? Sacco worked at trimming shoes; Vanzetti was a peddling man, Pushed his fish cart with his hands. Chorus: Two good men a long time gone, Two good men a long time gone, Two good men a long time gone Left me here to sing this song. Sacco was born across the sea Somewhere over in Italy; Vanzetti was born of parents fine, Drank the best Italian wine. Sacco sailed the sea one day, Landed up in Boston Bay; Vanzetti sailed the ocean blue, Landed up in Boston, too. (Chorus) Sacco's wife three children had, Sacco was a family man; Vanzetti was a dreaming man, His book was always in his hand. “Two Good Men” Sacco earned his bread and butter Being the factory's best shoe cutter; Vanzetti spoke both day and night, Told the workers how to fight. (Chorus) I'll tell you if you ask me 'Bout this payroll robbery; Two clerks was killed by the shoe factory On the street in South Braintree. Judge Thayer told his friends around He would cut the radicals down; Anarchist bastards was the name Judge Thayer called these two good men. I'll tell you the prosecutors' names, Katsman, Adams, Williams, Kane; The judge and lawyers strutted down, They done more tricks than circus clowns. (Chorus) Vanzetti docked here in 1908; He slept along the dirty streets, He told the workers “Organize” And on the electric chair he dies. Vanzetti & Sacco All you people ought to be like me, And work like Sacco and Vanzetti; And every day find some ways to fight On the union side for workers' rights. I've got no time to tell this tale, The dicks and bulls are on my trail; But I'll remember these two good men That died to show me how to live. (Chorus) All you people in Suassos Lane Sing this song and sing it plain. All you folks that's coming along, Jump in with me, and sing this song. (Chorus) Woody Guthrie

9. “Return to normalcy” Preached disarmament Established immigration quotas 1917 – Russian (October) Revolution establishes communism Incredibly corrupt administration Teapot Dome scandal Sec. of the Interior Albert Fall gave oil drilling rights on government oil fields to private companies in return for $300,000 Died in office on August 2, 1923 Warren G. Harding

10. Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) • 15 nations dedicated to outlawing aggression and war as tools of foreign policy. • 62 nations signed. • Problems no means of actual enforcement and gave Americans a false sense of security.

11. Directions: Complete the graphic organizer below explaining the factors the sparked the consumer economy of the 1920s. (pgs. 723-725)

12. Model T Automobile Henry Ford“I want to pay my workers so that they can afford my product!”

13. “Model T” Prices & Sales Adapted the assembly line and made it more efficient

14. Directions: Complete the graphic organizer below explaining the economic danger signs in the late 1920s. (pgs. 731-733)

15. The Stock Market Crash • October 29, 1929 – Black Tuesday • 16.4 million shares sold • Over the next two weeks the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell from 381 to 198.7 • Overall losses totaled $30 billion • 4 million of 120 million Americans played the market. Nonetheless, it created a ripple effect. • Risky loans hurt banks as companies couldn’t repay • Consumers borrowed from banks and could not repay • Bank runs – people rushed to withdraw their money fearful banks would run out • Bank runs and unpaid loans led to numerous bank failures • Bank failures wiped out savings • Businesses could no longer borrow money so they cut production • Less production led to a rise in unemployment • Consumers buy less products leading to more job cuts

16. Great Depression • Most severe economic downturn in US history • 1929-1941 • Businesses closed • Agricultural prices plummeted • Unemployment skyrocketed to 12 million or 25% of the population • Gross National Product dropped from $103 billion in 1929 to $56 billion in 1933 • Coincided with a global economic crisis • Underlying Causes of the Depression • Unstable economy – wealth was unevenly distributed and industry produced too many goods • Overspeculation – rose from $5 billion in 1928 to $850 billion in Sept. 1929 • Government Policy – Federal Reserve limited the money supply in 1929 to combat overspeculation and thus limited the amount of money in circulation in the Depression

17. Great Depression & New Deal (1929-1941)

18. The Dust Bowl

19. The Dust Bowl • Severe drought • Farmers plowing the land stripping the land of its natural protection • 60% of Dust Bowl families lost their farms forcing them to move • Most head to California along Route 66

20. Lots of folks back East, they say, is leavin' home every day,Beatin' the hot old dusty way to the California line.'Cross the desert sands they roll, gettin' out of that old dust bowl,They think they're goin' to a sugar bowl, but here's what they find --Now, the police at the port of entry say,"You're number fourteen thousand for today." CHORUS:Oh, if you ain't got the do re mi, folks, you ain't got the do re mi,Why, you better go back to beautiful Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Georgia, Tennessee.California is a garden of Eden, a paradise to live in or see;But believe it or not, you won't find it so hotIf you ain't got the do re mi. You want to buy you a home or a farm, that can't deal nobody harm,Or take your vacation by the mountains or sea.Don't swap your old cow for a car, you better stay right where you are,Better take this little tip from me.'Cause I look through the want ads every dayBut the headlines on the papers always say: (Chorus) “Do-Re-Mi” Written as a response to California establishing roadblocks to keep the poor out of the state Woody Guthrie

21. “Migrant Mother” • Series of photographs by Dorothea Lange taken in 1936

22. “Migrant Mother” • Series of photographs by Dorothea Lange taken in 1936

23. “Migrant Mother” • Series of photographs by Dorothea Lange taken in 1936

24. “Migrant Mother” • Series of photographs by Dorothea Lange taken in 1936 • How old is she? • 32 years old

25. Dealing with Depression • Pres. Hoover • Preached volunteerism • Signed the Hawley-Smoot tariff, the highest import tax in history • Backfired as Europe raised its tariffs thus hurting US exports • Government created more public works such as the Hoover Dam to create jobs • Bonus Army marches on Washington demanding WWI pensions • Hoover sent in Gen. Douglas Macarthur to disperse the crowd • Overall losses totaled $30 billion • Election of 1932 • Hoover vs. Franklin D. Roosevelt • Roosevelt wins 57% of the popular vote

26. “So first of all let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” Distant cousin of Theodore Roosevelt Stricken with polio and confined to a wheelchair. The press chose not to publish any pictures of him in his wheelchair. Former Governor of New York Pledged a New Deal for the American people in which government would take a bigger role in the lives of citizens Relief Recovery Reform Rhetoric inspired the public Franklin Delano Roosevelt

27. First Hundred Days • Public Works Programs • Created by the Federal Emergency Relief Agency (FERA) to create jobs • Civil Works Administration (CWA) – improve roads, parks, airports • Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) – young people maintain forest, beaches, parks • Public Works Administration (PWA) – built Grand Coulee Dam, causeway connecting Florida keys to mainland, and Triborough Bridge in NYC • Regulate Economy • National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) • Regulated wages, controlled working conditions, production prices and established a minimum wage

28. Well the world has seven wonders, the travelers always tell:Some gardens and some towers, I guess you know them well.But the greatest wonder is in Uncle Sam's fair land.It's that King Columbia River and the big Grand Coulee Dam.She heads up the Canadian Rockies where the rippling waters glide,Comes a-rumbling down the canyon to meet that salty tideOf the wide Pacific Ocean where the sun sets in the west,And the big Grand Coulee country in the land I love the best.Chorus: In the misty crystal glitter of that wild and windward spray,Men have fought the pounding waters and met a watery grave.She tore their boats to splinters but she gave men dreams to dreamOf the day the Coulee Dam would cross that wild and wasted stream.Uncle Sam took up the challenge in the year of '33For the farmer and the factory and all of you and me.He said, "Roll along Columbia. You can ramble to the sea,But river while you're ramblin' you can do some work for me."Now in Washington and Oregon you hear the factories hum,Making chrome and making manganese and light aluminum.And there roars a flying fortress now to fight for Uncle Sam,Spawned upon the King Columbia by the big Grand Coulee Dam. (Chorus) “Grand Coulee Dam” Woody Guthrie

29. AAA and TVA • Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) • Government subsidizes farmers to grow crops or raise livestock in hopes it would increase prices • Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) • Provide cheap electricity to largely undeveloped area

30. Second New Deal • The First New Deal (1933-1935) did not result in significant economic improvement. • Supreme Court deemed several programs (NIRA and AAA) unconstitutional • FDR launches the Second New Deal (1935-1937) • Aimed specifically at the poor and disadvantaged • Works Progress Administration (WPA) – employs 8 million Americans • Build playgrounds, schools, hospitals and airfields • Supported work of artists and writers

31. Second New Deal • Wagner Act aka National Labor Relations Act of 1935 • Legalized collective bargaining, closed shops, outlawed spying on unions and blacklisting • Social Security Act of 1935 • Designed for those who could not support themselves • Old age pensions and survivors’ benefits • Unemployment insurance • Aid for dependent children, the blind, and disabled

32. New Deal Critics • New Deal was less helpful to women and minorities • American Liberty League – headed by Alfred Smith and stated the New Deal restricted individual freedom • Demagogues • Father Coughlin • Priest from Detroit whose radio show criticized FDR and included anti-Semitic rhetoric • Huey Long • Louisiana governor and senator who initiated the Share-Our-Wealth program advocating the limiting of personal income to $1 million per year. The government would take the rest and redistribute it to the poor. Father Coughlin & Huey P. Long

33. Court Packing Plan • Fearful the Supreme Court would strike down his Second New Deal legislation FDR proposed he appoint an additional justice for each sitting justice over 70 years old to “lighten the load” • Americans turned against FDR and viewed it as an attempted power grab. • 4 justice ended up retiring/dying within the next couple years so FDR received a friendly court

34. Last Days of the New Deal • US suffers a recession in 1937 • Due to deficit spending which increases national debt as less revenue is taken in and the new Social Security Act resulted in less money in the pockets of consumers to spend • Unions became more powerful • Membership surges from 3 million in 1933 to 10.5 million in 1941 • Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO) headed by John L. Lewis organzied unskilled workers, eventually 4 million strong. • United Auto Workers (UAW) is formed unionizing General Motors labor utilizing a sit-down strike • Culturally, Americans sought to escape from their hardships and turned to entertainment in the form of radio and moviesAmericans turned against FDR and viewed it as an attempted power grab. • Ultimately, the New Deal did not end the Great Depression. • It did lead to voters believing government should have a greater intervention in their lives • Acceptance of larger government • Restored a sense of hope