Genetics: How we become who we are to be

1. Genetics: How we become who we are to be 2.22.10 Maria James

2. 1.17.12 Genetics • bell ringer: pass coach p. 68-71 • Connections—your family • Decode the terminology—what does it all mean? • Word wall cards—2-3 per unit. • Closure: q/a • Exit cards • SC Standard(s): • 7-2.5 Summarize how genetic information is passed from parent to offspring by using the terms genes, chromosomes, inherited traits, genotype, phenotype, dominant traits, and recessive traits. • 7-1.2 Generate questions that can be answered through scientific investigation.

3. SpongeBob genetics • 1. For each genotype below, indicate whether it is a heterozygous (He) OR homozygous (Ho). • TT ___ Bb ___ DD ___ Ff ___ tt ___ dd _____ • Dd ___ ff ___ Tt ___ bb ___ BB _____ FF ___ • Which of the genotypes in #1 would be considered purebred? _______________________________ • Which of the genotypes in #1 would be hybrids? ________________________________________

4. 2. Determine the phenotype for each genotype using the information provided about SpongeBob. • Yellow body color is dominant to blue. • YY ________ Yy ________ yy _________ • Square shape is dominant to round. • SS ________ Ss _________ ss ________

5. 3. For each phenotype, give the genotypes that are possible for Patrick. • A tall head (T) is dominant to short (t). • Tall = _______ Short = ________ • Pink body color (P) is dominant to yellow (p). • Pink body = ______ Yellow body = ______

6. List some family members with these common characteristics

7. Bell ringer Offspring inherit genetic traits from their parents. These traits are passed on to the offspring in the genetic material from each parent. Many genes that cause these traits have dominant and recessive forms.– Under what conditions does an individual express a dominant trait from its parents?– Under what conditions does an individual express a recessive trait from its parents? 70 130 120 50 60 30 40 10 140 8 7 6 5 9 4 3 2 0 180 80 20 160 90 150 170 100 110 1 This screen will disappear in 3 minutes. Seconds Remaining.

8. Heredity • 1. Offspring(new organisms or babies) may have the same physical characteristics, or traits, astheirparents because genetic information (DNA)is passed from parent to offspring during sexual reproduction.

10. Chromosomes 2. Each sex cell (egg or sperm) of the parent organism (plant or animal) contains one-half of the genetic material needed to create a new organism. 3. Heredity is the passing of traits from one generation to another, or inheritance. 4. A structurefoundin the nucleusof a cell that containsthe genetic information (DNA).

11. Genes are… • 5. A segment of DNA found on a chromosomethat determines the inheritance of a particular trait. • 6. Genes are responsible for the inherited characteristics that distinguish (separate) one individual from another.

12. 7. Genes for a specific trait generally come in pairs. • 8. One gene from the pair is called an allele. • 9. Genes may be expressed in two different forms. • A. Genotype—the set of genes carried by the organism. What we have • B. Phenotype—the physical expression of the genes. What we see

13. Inherited Traits • Characteristics that are passed from parent to offspring. Examples of inherited traits may be eye color, eye shape, hair type, or face shape. • Some inherited traits are dominant and some are recessive. • Dominant trait – A trait that will always be expressed in the phenotype. Alleles for dominant traits are represented by capital letters. • Recessive trait – A trait that will only be expressed in the phenotype if two recessive alleles are present. In the presence of a dominant trait, the recessive trait will not be expressed. Alleles for recessive traits are represented by lowercase letters.

14. Sexual Reproduction and DNA • Each sex cell (egg or sperm) of the parent organism (plant or animal) contains one-half of the genetic material needed to create a new organism. • Heredityis the passing of traits from one generation to another, or inheritance. • Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of a cell that contains the genetic information (DNA).

15. C-curly, c- straight B- brown, b- blonde B- brown eyes, b-blue eyes Create your own….

16. Mendel’s peas Mom’s genotype ____gg_____ Dad’s genotypes ___Gg____ Mom’s phenotype _yellow___ Dad’s phenotype _green____ Each types probability – Gg– 50% genotype gg- 50% Each types phenotype –green-- 50% yellow– 50% Homozygous– mom Heterozygous--dad x G g Gg g Gg gg g

17. Your title Mom’s genotype _________ Dad’s genotypes _______ Mom’s phenotype ____ Dad’s phenotype _____ Each types probability – ___–% genotype ____- % Each types phenotype –_____-__% ______–__% Homozygous– ______ Heterozygous--_____ x _ _ _ _

18. Tomatoes, and more

19. Notes • DNA is in chromosomes inside of the nucleus. • The nucleus is the control center of the cell. • DNA has all of the genetic information. • DNA has the code for all genetic information. • Genetic traits are physical characteristics that are passed from parent to offspring. • Sexual reproduction means ½ of the information came from each parent. • Sex cells (f=egg cell, m= sperm cell) each contain ½ of the genetic information . It is combined to produce the offspring.

20. 8. The chromosome segments that control each trait are called genes. 9 Some traits are controlled by more than 1 gene. 10. Genes for traits come in pairs. 11. Each ½ of the gene pair is called an allele. 12. Genes may be expressed in 2 different forms. • genotype—set of genes that you carry • Phenotype– the expression of genes (the traits that you see.)

21. 13. Examples of inherited traits may be eye color, eye shape, hair type, or face shape. 14. Someinherited traits are dominant and some are recessive. • Dominant trait– A trait that will always be expressed in the phenotype. Alleles for dominant traits are represented by capital letters. • Recessive trait– A trait that will only be expressed in the phenotype if two recessive alleles are present. In the presence of a dominant trait, the recessive trait will not be expressed. Alleles for recessive traits are represented by lowercase letters.

22. Tomatoes, and more tomatoes diabetes freckles

23. Tomatoes, and more tomatoes diabetes freckles

24. PunnettSquares 15. In a Punnett square, the top of the table shows the alleles provided by one parent. 16. The alleles for the other parent are placed along the left side of the table. 17. One allele from each parent is placed in the individual squares, forming a new gene pair. 18. The individual squares show the possibilities of allele pairs (genotypes) in the offspring.

25. 19. If the two alleles are the same (TT or tt), the genotype is considered purebred. If the two alleles are different (Tt), the genotype is considered hybrid. • 20. This example shows the inheritance of a single characteristic (height). A cross that shows the inheritance of a single characteristic is known as a monohybrid cross.

26. Let’s make an alien…

27. Making your model • Must be 3-d. • Must match your selection sheet. • Must be made of recycled materials. • Due on 2/16.