Risk Assessment for Offender Applying LS/CMI in Hong Kong SRACP experience by C.F. Li (SRACP)

1. Risk Assessment for OffenderApplying LS/CMI in Hong KongSRACP experienceby C.F. Li (SRACP)

2. Overview 1. Introduction of Service / Case Management Inventory • RNR principles • General Risk / Need Factors (Central Eight Criminogenic Needs ) • Specific Risk / Need Factors • Other Client Issues (Social, Health & Mental Health) • Special Responsivity Considerations

3. 2. SRACP Experiences • Applying LS/CMI to Offender Rehabilitation Services - Training - Preparations - Implementation • Preliminary findings of 1000 + assessments • Feedback from Users

4. Introduction to LS/CMI History of Offender Risk Assessment • 1st generation : Clinical Assessment • 2nd generation : Static Risk Assessment • 3rd generation : Integrated Risk and Need • 4th generation : Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (LS/CMI) by Andrews, Bonta, & Wormith (2004)

5. Some Features of LS/CMI : • Easy to complete and score • Can be used in all forensic settings (e.g. prisons, probation, aftercare rehabilitation) • Can be used in different disciplines and officials, (e.g. correctional officers, probation offers, psychologists, social workers, psychiatrist, criminologists, etc.) • Has a complete case management system • Has a very large normative sample (Over 130,000 of adult offenders from North America) • Excellent reliability and validity

6. RNR Principles • Risk • Need • Responsivity

7. Risk Principle • The level of service should vary with level of risk • High risk cases have high probability for recidivism, and vice versa • Over treatment may actually increase risk of recidivism (e.g. through increased association with high risk offenders) • Match level of treatment to level of risk • i.e. Devote time, energy and resources to risky cases • Higher risk level, more services with higher intensity

8. Need Principle • Target treatment interventions toward reducing major dynamic risk factors and/or enhancing major protective / strength factors • i.e. Match service interventions to criminogenic needs • Beginning with higher risk / need factors • Stress on more intrinsic risk / needs

9. Responsivity Principle • Match treatment mode to offender characteristics 2 types of Responsivity • General Responsivity – refer to general approaches, e.g. Behavioural model, Cognitive Behavioural techniques • Specific Responsivity – refers to personal characteristics, e.g. personality, ability, motivation, age, gender, race, language, various barriers, etc Tailor treatment to the individual abilities, style, culture and personality

10. Section 1 : General Risk / Need Factors • Central Eight • 43 items for 8 subcomponents • Score and Profile • Total score indicate probability of recidivism from Very Low Risk to Very High Risk • Provide direction and priority of intervention • Strength / Protective factors of the Offender

11. Score and Profile

12. Central Eight – criminogenic needs • Criminal History • Education / Employment • Family / Marital • Leisure / recreation • Companions • Alcohol / Drug Problem • Pro criminal Attitude / Orientation • Antisocial Pattern

13. Section 1.1 - Criminal History • The best predictor of future behaviour is past behaviour • Includes: - Frequency of behaviour - Onset under 16 years old at first arrest or charge - Seriousness – any incarceration - Behaviour during treatment

14. Section 1.2 - Education / Employment • Involvement and commitment to the social institutions of education and employment • Frequent job changes • Never employed for over 12 months continuously • Achievement in school • Suspension or expulsion

15. Section 1.3 - Family / Marital • As interpersonal sources of reward for prosocial behavior and costs for criminal behavior • Models, supports • Satisfaction, rewarding familial / marital relationships

16. Section 1.4 - Leisure / Recreation • Substantial free time outside of work and school • How does individual occupy his/her free time? • Organized, structured activities • Good use of time? • Prosocial activities

17. Section 1.5 - Companions • Friends – spends time with, opinions valued, provide help when needed, etc • Acquaintance – not close friends • Influence attitude, behaviour • Models of behaviour • One of single best predictors of criminal behaviour

18. Section 1.6 - Alcohol / Drug Problem • One of the most common criminogenic need areas targeted by treatment programs • Interferes with prosocial behaviour and interactions, relationships with others • Focus on the abuse (rather than substance related offences) • Focus on current use (Status)

19. Section 1.7 - Procriminal Attitude / Orientation • What and how a person thinks and feels about violating laws or alternatives • Attitudes supportive of crime (e.g. usefulness of crime) • Negative attitudes towards convention (alternatives to crime) • Attitude towards sentence / offence • Attitude towards supervision / treatment

20. Section 1.8 - Antisocial Pattern • General personality and behavioural patterns • Diversity and early onset of antisocial behaviour • Assaultative or violent behaviour • Escapes, breach of probation / release conditions • Pattern of generalize trouble

21. Section 2 – 5 Section 2 : Specific Risk / Needs Section 3 : Prison Experience – Institutional Factors Section 4 : Other Client Issues Section 5 : Special Responsivity Considerations • No score is assigned to these sections • Used in case management planning and in consideration of override decisions

22. Section 2 ： Specific Risk / Need Factors 2.1 : Personal Problems with Criminogenic Potential - Diagnosis of psychopathy or other personality disorder - Emotion (Anger) management deficits - Problem solving / self management skill deficits - Poor social skills 2.2 : History of Perpetration - History of sexual / physical assault - Other violence - Other antisocial behaviour

23. Section 3 ： Prison Experience – Institutional Factors Items mainly for Corrections officials 3.1 : History of Incarceration - previous classification, current security needs, misconducts 3.2 : Barriers to release - notoriety of offence, lack of community support

24. Section 4 : Other Client Issues Social, Health & Mental Health • Noncriminogenic needs - Physical disability, learning disability, homeless, financial problem, mental disorder, depression, suicide attempts, victim of family violence, etc • Factors contribute to overall well being of offender • May not reduce risk level

25. Section 5 : Special Responsivity Considerations • Responsivity factors reflect differences in learning styles and / or personal interests • Factors are not to be interpreted as risk, need, or problematic characteristics • Cultural issues, gender- specific issues, ethnicity issues, low intelligence, communication barriers, mental disorder, antisocial personality, etc • The best treatment program may be completely ineffective if it is delivered in wrong style / direction

26. Section 6 : Risk Summary and Override Examples of override • Low score in section 1, but crime was a serious one, may increase risk level • High score in section 1, but has many strengths, may decrease risk level • Policy based decision - some jurisdictions / criminal justice agencies may have internal policies that certain types of offenders must be declared a particular risk level, e.g. sexual offenders

27. Section 7 : Risk / Need Profile

28. Section 8 : Program / Placement Decision • Institutional Offenders • Community Offenders • Aftercare / Rehabilitation recommendation • Presentence Report

29. Section 9 - 11 : Case Management Protocol • Built-in case management protocol to the assessment • Intervention and goals are based on result of sections 1-5 • Section 9 : Identify program targets and develop of case plan • Section 10 : Monitor intervention and record progress • Section 11 : Summarize results, Discharge summary

30. Section 9 : Case Management Plan 9.2.1 Criminogennic Needs

31. Section 9 : Case Management Plan 9.2.2. Other client Non-Criminogennic Needs Requiring Attention

32. Section 9 : Case Management Plan 9.2.3. Special Responsivity Considerations

33. Section 10 : Progress Record 10.1. Criminogenic Needs

34. Section 10 : Progress Record 10.2. Other Client Non-Criminogenic Needs

35. Section 11 : Discharge Summary

36. Applying LS/CMI SRACP Experience

37. Training • Social workers attended training conducted by Professor Stephen Wormith in November 2009 • 10 social workers qualified as trainers and 27 as qualified users • Second batch training in March, 2010 by SRACP trainer • 15 more social workers (and 1 CP) qualified as users

38. Preparation and Implementation • Working group formed • Test run in April – June 2010 • Quality Assurance Exercise • Revision of current Workflow and Procedure • Full implementation in July 2010 • Evaluate and collect feedback from LS/CMI users in March, 2011

39. Observation / Preliminary Findings • Until March 31, 2011, 1092 assessments conducted successfully • Scored from 2 to 37 • Average score = 22.58 (High Risk)

40. Overall Risk / Need Level Nearly 60% of cases are High risk or above

41. Most Concerned Criminogenic factors (High risk / need level or above) • Leisure and Recreation (82.5%) • Employment and Education (77.7%) • Companions (59.5%) • Alcohol / Drug Problem (36.9%)

42. Feedbacks from Social Worker • Helps to understand needs of client • Helps to prioritize client’s needs • Helps to formulate intervention plan • Helps to Evaluate client’s rehabilitation progress • Common language to communicate with colleagues

43. Future Works • Validation • Translation of Chinese Version • Treatment program development

44. ~ The End ~ Thank You