How did Hitler turn the Chancellorship into a dictatorship by 1934?

1. How did Hitler turn the Chancellorship into a dictatorship by 1934?

2. HITLER BECAME CHANCELLOR THE REICHSTAG FIRE THE ENABLING ACT Der Fuhrer OATH OF LOYALTY TO HITLER THE NIGHT OF THE LONG KNIVES DEATH OF PRESIDENT HINDENBURG

3. The depression after the Wall Street Crash made many more people vote for the Nazis. In 1933 Von Papen convinced Hindenburg that Hitler should become Chancellor. Hitler became Chancellor January 1933

4. The Reichstag Fire February 1933

5. The Reichstag Fire • The Reichstag building burned down. • A communist was found inside the building. He admitted responsibility after being forced. • Chancellor Hitler was able to convince people that the Communists were trying to take power by terrorism. • He was able to have the Communists banned from the Reichstag. February 1933

6. The Reichstag Fire • Hitler had his storm troopers round up all communist supporters and leaders and had them thrown into jail. • First step to repress opposition February 1933

7. The Enabling Act With the Communists banned from the Reichstag Hitler was able to pass: HITLER CAN RULE ALONE FOR FOUR YEARS. THERE IS NO NEED TO CONSULT THE REICHSTAG. March 1933

8. THE ENABLING ACT GAVE HITLER THE POWER TO MAKE HIS OWN LAWS. SO, HE BANNED ALL OTHER POLITICAL PARTIES! KPD SPD DDP Zentrum

9. Political prisoners were put in concentration camps run by the S.S.

10. The Night of the Long Knives Now I have got rid of opposition political groups, I can now deal with opposition in my party. Ernst Rohm (an old friend), head of the S.A. is very unpopular with the German army leaders. They have the power to overthrow me.I’ve been worried about Rohm for a while, so this is a good excuse. June 1934

11. The Night of the Long Knives • Hitler had to get rid of Rohm. He was too much of a threat. • On the night of 30th June 1934 Hitler’s S.S. killed over 1000 SA members including Rohm. • The army were pleased. • Hitler had gained the support of the army.

12. The death of President Hindenburg A final note PRESIDENT HINDENBURG’S DEATH GAVE HITLER THE OPPORTUNITY TO COMBINE THE ROLE OF CHANCELLOR AND PRESIDENT. HE CALLED HIMSELF ‘DER FUHRER’. August 1934

13. Oath of loyalty to Adolf Hitler Every soldier swore a personal oath of loyalty to ADOLF HITLER.

14. So, how did he become a dictator legally?

15. HITLER BECAME CHANCELLOR THE REICHSTAG FIRE THE ENABLING ACT Der Fuhrer OATH OF LOYALTY TO HITLER THE NIGHT OF THE LONG KNIVES DEATH OF PRESIDENT HINDENBURG

16. Scapegoat: The Jews • Hitler believed in the superiority of the Aryan Race • Wanted to cleanse society • Banned Jews from political office, encouraged violent acts against Jews, and encouraged massive boycotts of Jewish businesses. • Defeat God’s “Chosen People”

17. The Master Race: Purification • May 10, 1933 Book Burning • Newsweek called it a “Holocaust” Burn books written by Jews, former German politicians, and books written by Americans!

18. Master Race – Genetic Engineering • Women recruited to mother children of Aryan soldiers • Often led to rapes • Taught children at a young age about the evil Jews and what Aryans were

19. The genocide of the Jews was the culmination of a decade of Nazi policy, under the rule of Adolf Hitler. The persecution and segregation of the Jews was implemented in stages. FINAL SOLUTION

20. FINAL SOLUTION • After the Nazi party achieved power, state-enforced racism resulted in anti-Jewish legislation, boycotts, "Aryanization," and the Kristallnacht ("Night of Broken Glass") pogroms, all of which aimed to systematically isolate the Jews from German society and drive them out of Germany.

21. KRISTALLNACHT • November 9-10, 1938 - Kristallnacht, the "night of the broken glass," began a new phase of Hitler's anti-Semitic pogrom, with 30,000 Jews rounded up and sent to concentration camps.

22. FINAL SOLUTION • In its entirety, the "Final Solution" called for the murder of the Jews of Europe by gassing, shooting, and other means. Up to six million Jews lost their lives--two-thirds of the Jews living in Europe in 1939.

23. FINAL SOLUTION • During the time of World War II Hitler began forcing the Jews into concentration camps. The children and weak would be sent to the left and killed immediately in gas cambers, disguised as showers, and healthy people 18 and above were sent to the right to be made into labors. They would have to carry the dead bodies of their friends, family and fellow Jews to be cremated in the ovens. The prisoners would be shaved, stripped of all values, and after death they would have their gold fillings removed and sold. This was the Holocaust. Responsible for the death of six million Jews and around eleven million Gypsies, Jehovah Witnesses, homosexuals, African-Europeans, Soviet POW's, Slavic Citizens, Poles and the mentally ill. These events lead to the United States writing the Declaration of Human Rights.

24. The Holocaust - destruction by fire

25. Prelude to the Final Solution • When Hitler seized power in 1933 he used his new powers under the ‘Enabling Law’ to begin his attack on the Jews. • In 1938, the Nazi attack on the Jews changed and became more violent with Himmler launching Kristallnacht on 11th November 1938. • By 1939, half of Germany’s 500,000 Jews had emigrated to escape Nazi persecution.

26. In 1939, Germany invaded Poland which had a much larger population of 3 million Jews. In 1941, Germany invaded Russia which had a population of 5 million Jews. Prelude to the Final Solution

27. Change of Tactics: Einsatzgruppen • Himmler sent four specially trained SS units called “Einsatzgruppen battalions” into German occupied territory and shot at least 1 million Jews. • Victims were taken to deserted areas where they were made to dig their own graves and shot. • When the SS ran out of bullets they sometimes killed their victims using flame throwers.

28. Change of Tactics: Einsatzgruppen

29. The ‘Final Solution’ • In January 1942, Himmler decided to change tactics once again and called a special conference at Wannsee. • At this conference it was decided that the existing methods were too inefficient and that a new ‘Final Solution’ was necessary.

30. Wannsee Conference Women, children, the old & the sick were to be sent for ‘special treatment.’ The young and fit would go through a process called ‘destruction through work.’ Shooting was too inefficient as the bullets were needed for the war effort On arrival the Jews would go through a process called ‘selection.’ How was the Final Solution going to be organized? Jews were to be rounded up and put into transit camps called Ghettoes The remaining Jews were to be shipped to ‘resettlement areas’ in the East. The Jews living in these Ghettos were to be used as a cheap source of labour. Conditions in the Ghettos were designed to be so bad that many die whilst the rest would be willing to leave these areas in the hope of better conditions

31. How did the Nazi decide who was Jewish? • At the Wannsee conference it was decided that if one of person’s parents was Jewish, then they were Jewish. • However, if only one of their grandparents had been Jewish then they could be classified as being German. • In 1940, all Jews had to have their passports stamped with the letter ‘J’ and had to wear the yellow Star of David on their jacket or coat.

32. Why do you think that they located them here? Where were the Death Camps built? The work of the Einsatzgruppen

33. What tactics did the Nazis use to get the Jews to leave the Ghettos? Deception New arrivals at the Death camps were given postcards to send to their friends. Starvation The Jews were told that they were going to ‘resettlement areas’ in the East. The Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto were only fed a 1000 calories a day . Tactics In some Ghettos the Jews had to purchase their own train tickets. A Human being needs 2400 calories a day to maintain their weight Terror They were told to bring the tools of their trade and pots and pans. The SS publicly shot people for smuggling food or for any act of resistance Hungry people are easier to control

34. Children Dying of Starvation in the Warsaw Ghetto

35. SS Tactics: Dehumanization • The SS guards who murdered the Jews were brainwashed with Anti-Semitic propaganda. • The Jews were transported in cattle cars in terrible conditions. • Naked, dirty and half starved people look like animals, which helped to reinforce the Nazi propaganda. • The SS used to train their new guards by encouraging them to set fire to a pit full of live victims – usually children.

36. Tactics: What happened to new arrivals? All new arrivals went through a process known as ‘selection.’ At Auschwitz the trains pulled into a mock up of a normal station. Mothers, children, the old & sick were sent straight to the ‘showers’ which were really the gas chambers. The Jews were helped off the cattle trucks by Jews who were specially selected to help the Nazis Deception & Selection The able bodied were sent to work camp were they were killed through a process known as ‘destruction through work.’ At some death camps the Nazis would play records of classical music to help calm down the new arrivals. At Auschwitz the new arrivals were calmed down by a Jewish orchestra playing classical music.

37. Entrance to Auschwitz Notice how it has been built to resemble a railway station

38. Map of Auschwitz New Arrivals ‘Showers’ ‘Destruction Through Work’

39. Auschwitz from the air Notice how the Death camp is set out like a factory complex The Nazis used industrial methods to murder the Jews and process their dead bodies

40. The Gas Chambers • The Nazis would force large groups of prisoners into small cement rooms and drop canisters of Zyklon B, or prussic acid, in its crystal form through small holes in the roof. • These gas chambers were sometimes disguised as showers or bathing houses. The SS would try and pack up to 2000 people into this gas chamber

41. Notice the Ovens easy located near the Gas Chambers The outside of the Gas Chamber

42. Processing the bodies • Specially selected Jews known as the sonderkommando were used to to remove the gold fillings and hair of people who had been gassed. • The Sonderkommando Jews were also forced to feed the dead bodies into the crematorium.

43. The Ovens at Dachau

44. Dead bodies waiting to be processed

45. Shoes waiting to be processed by the sonderkommando Taken inside a huge glass case in the Auschwitz Museum. This represents one day's collection at the peak of the gassings, about twenty five thousand pairs.

46. Destruction Through Work This photo was taken by the Nazis to show just how you could quite literally work the fat of the Jews by feeding them 200 calories a day

47. Destruction Through Work Same group of Jews 6 weeks later

48. The Nazis aimed to kill 11 million Jews at the Wannsee Conference in 1941 Today there are only 2000 Jews living in Poland. The Nazis managed to kill at least 6 million Jews. Men like Schindler helped Jews escape the Final Solution. Not all Jews went quietly into the gas cambers. In 1943, the Warsaw Ghetto, like many others revolted against the Nazis when the Jews realised what was really happening. Was the Final Solution successful?

49. Evil is when a few good men decide to do nothing.

50. MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS • The Jews were also used in medical experiments such as testing air pressure, live vivisection's, and changing the color of eyes using chemicals and dyes. The only children to not be sent to gas chambers immediately were twins. Instead, they were sent to be experimented on. Dr. Joseph Mengele was the main doctor at Auschwitz-Birkenau. Known as the 'Angle of Death' he performed many horrific experiments, which were of little use in the medical world.