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THE ENGLISH COLONIES. I. Foundations. A. 4 Major landmarks in English history provided a foundation for future American government. 1. The Magna Carta (1215). a. It took power away from the king and gave it to Parliament. - Parliament will now tax.
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THE ENGLISH COLONIES I. Foundations A. 4 Major landmarks in English history provided a foundation for future American government. 1. The Magna Carta (1215) a. It took power away from the king and gave it to Parliament. - Parliament will now tax. - The “people” were guaranteed a trial by jury.
2. The English Bill of Rights (1689) a. It placed more limits on the king and queen. b. The people were given the right to petition the government, a speedy trial, protection from excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishment. 3. English Common Law a. “Precedent” rulings became the basis for future decisions.
4. A Bicameral Legislature (“Bi” means 2) a. Parliament was divided into 2 sections - the House of Lords (clergy and nobles) and the House of Commons (middle class) II. Joint Stock Companies - 1600s A. These were used to finance English colonies. 1. They were people who put in certain amount of capital in return for a stated number of shares
B. Jamestown 1. It was named after King James 2. 1607—John Smith led Jamestown Virginia 3. The “Starving” Time—1609-1610— “Gentlemen” were told anyone who does not work does not eat. Pocahontas a. There was famine and cannibalism b. People were known to kill family and salt them.
4. Tobacco saved the colony and became a cash crop. a. King James called it the "stinking weed".
5. The Head Right System a. This marks the beginning of slavery b. This is when any man who paid his way to Virginia would get 50 acres of land for himself and another 50 acres for every person he brought with him. This increased immigration. c. Most of these immigrants were indentured servants (In order to go to the New World, they agreed to work for someone for a specified number of years, usually 7, after which they were set free).
d. This helped England by decreasing unemployment and it emptied the jails. 6. 1619—A Historic Year in Jamestown. a. The first Africans arrived. - They were treated like indentured servants and given land. C. Constitutions in Colonial America 1. They were developing the ideas of "limited government"
2. Colonial Charters a. 3 types of colonial government. - Self Governing – the governor was elected. - Proprietary – the governor was selected by a committee. - Royal – the governor was appointed by the king. b. The House of Burgesses was created— the legislature of Virginia—they created laws for the colony, based on English common law.
D. Puritans in Massachusetts—1620 1. Known as Pilgrims 2. The Mayflower Compact was signed. a. It was signed by 41 "free" men while still aboard the mayflower. b. Stated that the purpose of their government would be to frame “just and equal laws…for the general good of the colony.” c. John Carver was their first governor (he died a few months later). He was followed by William Bradford.
3. The Massachusetts Bay Colony 1630. a. Established by John Winthrop b. Very successful colony. c. Well-organized and planned. 4. 1636—Rhode Island was established by Roger Williams. a. He was banished by the Massachusetts government for two of his views.
b. He said English settlers had no right to claim land unless they purchased it from the Indians. c. He said government officials should devote themselves only to government business and stay out of religious matters. E. Both the House of Burgesses and the Mayflower Compact contributed to the development of representative democracy in the English Colonies.
F. Puritan Ethic—hard work is good. G. 1626—New Netherland is founded by the Dutch. Later it would be taken by England and renamed New York (1664). H. Proprietary Colonies were established. 1. Maryland - 1634—George Calvert and Lord Baltimore. 2. Carolinas - Baroprietors—North—1653, South—1663—Group of eight people. 3. Pennsylvania - 1682—William Penn (a Quaker)
4. Georgia - 1732—James Oglethorpe— settled by debtors, also provided a military defense against the Spanish in Florida. 5. Eventually, all of the proprietor colonies were taken over by the King. I. By the mid-1600s—Representative assemblies were considered essential in the colonies. III. Colonial Life A. South 1. Divided Agricultural society.
2. Cash Crops were sold for profit, money was used to buy manufactured goods. a. Virginia and Maryland had tobacco as their staple crop. b. South Carolina had rice and indigo. c. North Carolina had wood and its byproducts. 3. The crops were grown on plantations. 4. Cheap and plentiful labor was needed. a. Indentured servants were first used.
B. Bacon's Rebellion (a rebellion of the many have not's [(poor] vs. the few have's [rich]). 1. Four Main Causes of the Rebellion a. Social differences—Tidewater (rich) vs. Piedmont (poor). b. Unfair taxes — by law taxes fell most heavily on the poor. The Piedmonts hated this. c. The Right to vote - in Virginia only large land owners could vote.
d. Indian Problems - The government protected the Indians since they were viewed as the king’s subjects and the government had profitable fur trading with the Indians. - The poor wanted more land from the Indians.
2. Nathaniel Bacon led former indentured servants - They burned Jamestown. - Bacon died of a fever and the rebellion collapsed. 3. This was the first popular uprising in the American colonies. 4. It was a rebellion against a government that taxed the people, but did not serve their needs. 5. They shifted to black slaves as a new source of labor
IV. Slavery Flourished In The South A. Slaves were considered property. B. Four Major Differences between slavery and indentured servitude: 1. A slave was owned as a living piece of property, like a horse. (chattel) 2. Slavery was for life. 3. Children of slaves automatically became slaves. 4. Families were often separated and sold individually.
C. Background 1. African Chiefs and rulers sold people from their tribes to European slave traders. 2. Middle Passage a. Once purchased, they were branded with hot irons. b. They were tightly packed on ships. 3. Triangular Trade. Clothing from England MAP Cotton from Colonies Slaves from Africa
4. In the colonies —field hands were directed by a white overseer. 5. Blacks who were skilled, (carpenters or blacksmiths) were artisans but few in number (they were not as closely supervised as the field hands) V. Colonial Life Is Diverse Chart A. New England Colonies 1. Rocky soil and short growing seasons.
2. Many harbors made shipping and fishing the basic industries. 3. The Puritans dominated in Massachusetts, they were not tolerant of dissenters, such as Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson 4. Town meetings were used to vote on issues. a. This is an example of direct democracy. 5. Schools developed and literacy rates were high. a. Slavery died out as time went on.
B. The Middle Colonies 1. Diverse people from many ethnic groups established farms on fertile soil. 2. Grew a variety of crops, such as corn, wheat, dairy products, and fruits. 3. Education was relatively widespread. 4. These colonies became known as the “bread basket” of the colonies.
C. The Southern Colonies 1. Located below the Mason-Dixon Line 2. Cash crops were grown (tobacco, cotton, rice). 3. Slaves replaced indentured servants as a source of labor. 4. Geography spread people out, which meant few schools and limited education except for the wealthy, plus a low literacy rate. 5. Long growing season, flat land, and fertile soil. 6. Developed Representative Democracy such as the House of Burgesses. Chart
VI. The Indians Fight For Their Land A. Dispute arose between the Puritans and the Indians over land and religion. B. Indian view - no one owned the land. C. Christianity was a threat to the Indian way of life. D. The Pequot War—1687 1. The Puritans and their Narragansett allies massacred the Pequot Indians in a fort on the Mystic River. 2. Only 7 Pequot Indians survived.
E. The Indian's lost King Philip's War in 1675 1. They were led by Metacom (known to the puritans as King Philip). 2. They attacked 52 Puritan towns, some were only 12 miles from Boston. a. The Indians used guerrilla warfare, but Metacom was killed and almost 3,000 Indians were wiped out by General John Winslow. F. In Pennsylvania the Indians were treated fairly by the Quakers
