Rise of the West

1. Rise of the West 1750-1914

2. At the beginning: • Rapid population growth • Expansion of manufacturing • New inventions • First global conflict: the French and Indian War (1754-1763)

3. By the end: • World War I • Revolution in Russia, China, etc. • Japanese expansion • China’s transformation • Colonial revolt

4. Why the West? • Read and assess the validity of the arguments for the rise of the West contained in the article. • Make sure you understand what the arguments are. • Use concrete details to support your answer. This should be a page. (Use paragraphs.) • Be ready to discuss when you’re finished!

5. What are some of the themes present? • Industrialization • Political upheaval • Expansion of Western civilizations (US and Australia)

6. Some of the changes: • From monarchies to parliaments and congresses • Arrival of new states/nations • Agricultural society to industrial • Massive urban growth • Nation states lead to alliances, and lots of them

7. Adam Smith • Economist and Philosopher; wrote Wealth of Nations • 1723 - 1790 • “Virtue is more to be feared than vice, because its excesses are not subject to the regulation of conscience.” • "the invisible hand“—self-interest guides the most efficient use of resources in a nation's economy, with public welfare coming as a by-product. • laissez-faire—a doctrine opposing governmental interference in economic affairs beyond the minimum necessary for the maintenance of peace and property rights • state and personal efforts, to promote social good are ineffectual compared to unbridled market forces.

8. The Enlightenment • 18th and early 19th centuries; ideas carry beyond • A challenge to regimes that failed to change • Use science to explore nature and to question what they had always accepted without questioning. • Participate in government and to rethink old ideas like feudalism and primogenituremonarchy should be responsible for the people • Freedom and equality • Ideas of equality are not extended to: women, peasants, laborers, slaves, non-whites (but they try!)

9. Enlightenment philosophers: • Locke: • English • People can learn everything through senses • Contractual government • Power of government came from people, not the divine right of kings • It’s possible to stage revolution to overthrow tyrants

10. Enlightenment Philosophers: • Voltaire: • Philosophe (French Enlightenment philosophers)world of rationality, human knowledge & systematic thought could serve as tools for finding order in the universe & for solving problems in political & economic life • “crush the infamy” of superstition, intolerance, & the power of the clergy • Preferred benevolent & enlightened despotism (Frederick II of Prussia, Catherine II of Russia, or Joseph II of Austria)disciplined behavior, subject to the law of nature

11. America France Haiti Mexico Russia China We’ll do more in-depth studies! Revolutions

12. Enlightenment, Revolution, and Women • Enlightenment ideals & women • Call for equality not generally extended to women • Women used logic of Locke to argue for women’s rights • Mary Astell attacked male dominance in the family • Mary Wollstonecraft: women possessed same natural rights as men: “A Vindication of the Rights of Women” • Olympe de Gouge--“Declaration of the Rights of Women”

13. Enlightenment, Revolution, and Women • Women crucial to revolutionary activities • French revolution granted women rights of education and property, not the vote • Olympe de Gouges’s declaration of full citizenship for women too radical • Women made no significant gains in other Enlightenment revolutions • Women’s right movements gained ground in the 19th C in US and Europe

14. Nationalism and Nations • Cultural nationalism: an expression of national identity • Common historical experience • Folk culture and lit to illustrate national spirit (Grimm’s Fairy Tales) • Political nationalism more intense in the 19th C • Demanded loyalty & solidarity from members of the national group • Minorities sought independence as a national community • Zionism: Jewish nationalism as a response to widespread European anti-Semitism • Movement founded by Theodor Herzi to create a Jewish state in Palestine • Jewish state of Israel not created until 1948

15. Emergence of National Communities • Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815 • Conservative leaders determined to restore old order after defeat of Napoleon • Succeeded in maintaining balance of power in Europe for a century • Failed in repressing nationalist & revolutionary ideas • Nationalist rebellions throughout the 19th C • Greek rebels overcome Ottoman rule in 1827 • 1830 and 1848, rebellions in France, Spain, Portugal, and German states • Conservative government usually restored afterward but ideals persisted

16. Unification of Italy & Germany • Cavour & Garibaldi united Italy by 1870 • Mazzini’s Young Italy inspired uprisings against foreign rule in Italy • Cavour led nationalists & expelled Austrian authorities in northern Italy, 1859 • Garibaldi controlled southern Italy, returned it to King Vittore Emmanuele, 1860 • Prussian prime minister Otto von Bismark (1815-1898) created a unified Germany • In Germany, nationalist rebellion was repressed in 1848 • Bismark provoked 3 wars that swelled German pride • 1871, Prussian king proclaimed emperor of the Second Reich