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Responses to the rise of the west

Explore the responses to Western imperialism in the 19th century, including the rise of nationalism, modernization efforts, industrialization, and political reforms. Learn about key events such as the Sepoy Mutiny, Opium War, Meiji Restoration, and more.

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Responses to the rise of the west

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  1. Who was becoming imperialized in the 19th century? Compare the responses to “Western” Imperialism Responses to the rise of the west

  2. The Challenge

  3. World before WWI

  4. Industrial revolution • Increased manufacturing = need for new markets • Increased manufacturing = need for raw materials • Increased manufacturing = challenge to existing manufacturing centers (Middle East, India, etc.)

  5. New Western ideas • Capitalism • Free enterprise • Free market • Free trade • The Enlightenment • Popular Sovereignty • Representative Government • Personal Freedoms • Nationalism

  6. Imperialism

  7. The event

  8. Ottoman: Napoleon invades Egypt

  9. Russia: Crimean war

  10. China: Opium war

  11. China: The Opium War Lin Zexu destroying opium. In the summer of 1839, Lin Zexu confiscated and destroyed 2.6 million pounds of opium. It took 500 laborers 22 days to destroy all of the opium.

  12. China: Opium war

  13. Japan: Arrival of Matthew Perry

  14. Mexico: several issues

  15. Sepoy Mutiny • 1857 gossip spread amongst Sepoys (Indian soldiers for the British) • the seals of their ammunition had to be bitten off • they believed the British dipped the seals of their ammunition in beef and pork (Hindus can not eat beef/ Muslims can not eat pork) “ Whenever the grease around the bullet appears to be melted away, or otherwise removed from the cartridge, the sides of the bullet should be wetted in the mouth before putting it in the barrel; the saliva will serve the pupose of grease for the time being.-Endfield Rifle Field manual”

  16. Sepoy Mutiny British commander was outraged when 85 Sepoys refused to accept the ammunition The Sepoys were jailed for disobeying orders May 10, 1857 Sepoys rebelled; marched on Delhi (Indian capital) rebellion spread into northern and central India

  17. The response: Modernization

  18. Get rid of old institutions holding you back • Modernize the military • Improve infrastructure • RAILROADS! • May need foreign investment • Industrialize • Take advantage of natural resources! • May need foreign investment • “Westernize” your government Aspects of Modernization

  19. Early reforms of Selim III (1789-1807) resisted by Janissaries • Janissaries slaughtered by Mahmud II in 1826 • Tanzimat Reforms • Modernize military and bureaucracy • University education focusing on math & science • Western technology (telegraphs, railroads, etc.) • Constitution of 1876 • Industrialization slowed by climate, government monopolies, etc. Ottoman: Tanzimat Reforms

  20. Reforms of Muhammad Ali • Modernize the military • Manufactured weapons • Emphasize cotton production • Financed by Britain bankers • Built railroads • Successors • Suez Canal • Led to British making Egypta protectorate Egypt: Industrialization

  21. Emancipation of serfs • Helped create urban labor force • Modernize military • Trans-Siberian railroad • Count Witte (1892-1903) • Promoted industry & banking • Encouraged foreign investment • Heavy Industry • 4th in steel; 2nd in oil Russia: Industrialization

  22. China: Self-Strengthening movement • Modernized the military • Depended upon British and French investment • Built railroads • MiningandTextiles • Government regulated • Merchants given additional freedoms • No major political or social reforms

  23. Japan: Meiji Restoration • Abolish feudal order • Daimyo and samurai class abolished • Constitutional government • Constitution of 1889 • Established constitutional monarchy with legislature • Suffrage limited—only 5% could vote in 1890

  24. Japanese industrialization • Modernize the military, infrastructure, communication, education, etc. • Zaibatsu • Combination of state initiative and private investment • Consolidates economic power into the hands of a few powerful families • Vertical monopolies • Mitsubishi and Mitsui • Many companies started by men of samurai origins Japan: Industrialization

  25. Sikhs • Sikhs replaced Sepoys in Britain’s Indian army after the Sepoy Mutiny • Mughals did not allow religious freedom • Great Britain allowed some religious freedom in India

  26. Turning Point • 1858 British government took direct control over India (because of the Mutiny) • Raj (time period when India was under Great Britain’s control: 1757-1947)

  27. Indian National Congress 1885 Made up of Hindus; called for self-government upset that Britain segregated Bengal (Indian city) into Muslim section and Hindu section in 1905 INC led acts of violence against British in Bengal 1911 Britain changed the order of segregation

  28. Japanese Economic Growth

  29. Mexico: la Reforma • Started by Benito Juarez (1858-1872) • Tried to limit power of landowners and Catholic church • New liberal constitution • Attempts at land reform fail • 50% of rural population landless by 1910 • Larger gap between creoles and mestizos/natives

  30. Porfirio Diaz (1876-1910) • Built railroads • Integrates regional economy • Improved banking system • Focused on oil & mining • Depended on foreign investment • U.S. investment • 30 million pesos in 1885 • 1 billion pesos in 1910 Mexico: Industrialization

  31. Additional Reactions to Challenges & Responses

  32. Conservatives • Janissaries • Abdul Hamid • Ulama and Qadis • Nationalists • Young Turks • Religious Movements • Madhist Revolt • Millenarianism Ottoman & Egyptian Reactions

  33. Conservatives • Kulaks (land owners) • Certain tsars • Liberals • Intelligentsia • Radicals • Anarchists • Socialists & Communists • Bolshevik Party Russian Reactions

  34. Conservatives • Scholar-gentry • Dowager Empress Cixi • Religious Movements • Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) • Caused by a myriad of problems • Natural disasters, economic collapse, government corruption and the defeat in the Opium War, growing Anti-Manchu sentiment, etc. • Led by Hong Xiuquan Chinese Reactions

  35. Taiping Rebellion Hong Xiuquan’s army was able to seize 44 Chinese cities including the Southern capital of Nanjing ( above)

  36. Nationalism • Boxer Rebellion (1898-1901) • Anti-Imperialist movement • Backed by Qing government • Put down by Western powers • Nationalist Party • Led by Sun Yatsen • Modeled after Western ideas • Liberal government • Nation-state • Social Reforms Chinese Reactions

  37. Conservatives • European intervention • Maximilian von Hapsburg • Catholic Church • Threaten to excommunicate anyone who follows La Reforma • Landowners • Radicals • Middle class called for electoral reform • Poor (mostly natives) form general uprising Mexico

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