While in slide show view, click the right mouse button, then Spea k er Notes.

1. To produce a printedscript for this slide presentation, first be sure your computer is connected to a printer: Use your mouse to click File>Print>Find “Print what” and click the down triangle.Thenselect “Notes Pages” from the list; then click “OK.” To view script while slide show is in process, select View >Slide Show or the Slide Show icon at the lower left of the current view. While in slide show view, click the right mouse button >Speaker Notes... Institute for Critical Thinking While in slide show view, click the right mouse button, then Speaker Notes. Use the up arrow on your keyboard to scroll to the top of the text. Good! Once you have clicked on the screen, you can advance or repeat a view by using the up or down arrows on your keyboard. You are now a pro at using ict slide shows. In the future you may begin all slide shows from slide #2, by pressing “PgDn” when the show first comes up in PowerPoint. From here you are into the presentation with two more clicks on the screen. Feel free to make copies of this software and pass copies on to friends and colleagues. . Ict assumes no responsibility for alterations made to originals. Original versions are available on line at www.AcademicFreedomBlog.org.

2. Origin of Species: A critical analysis of Darwin’s basic theory.

3. The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life 1. Variation occurs randomly. 2. Competition determines which variation survive to reproduce and which does not. 3. A reproducing variation is the basis of the next round of variations, until a new, more advanced species emerges. Environmental barriers

4. Species Selection The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life 1. Variation occurs randomly. 2. Competition determines which variation survive to reproduce and which does not. 3. A reproducing variation is the basis of the next round of variations, until a new, more advanced species emerges. Variation Environmental barriers

5. “Variation” can be of two types: Mutation occurs when something new is produced—different gene from what was there before. It requires a permanent change in the DNA pool. Adaptation occurs when something already present simply changes proportion—same genes that were there before. It requires only an increase or decrease within an existing pool of DNA..

6. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z a b c de fghi j k lm n opq r s t uvw x y z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Mutations are accidents. The more complex a DNA message is, the less likely it is that an accident will be an improvement. Mutations are accidents. The cattle roundup is under way at the Okay Corral. hat c cattle a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

7. Mutations Among Humans Achromatopsi Acoustic neuroma Adenosice deaminase deficiency Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency Aicardi syndrome Albinism Albright’s syndrome Alkaptonuria Alpers syndrome Antitrypins deficiency Alpha-mannosidosis Alport syndrome Alzheimer’s disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Androgen insensitivity syndrome Angelman syndrome Anencephely Hereditary angioedema (HAE) Hereditary ataxias Thousands of distinct diseases have been ascribed to mutations that result in deficiencies of critical enzymes. All known mutations, in humans and otherwise, are the result of something that once worked either no longer working (such as blindness) or working in the wrong place (such as extra fingers or toes). No mutations of new information, useful or otherwise, have ever been verified in any organism.

8. “Species” is not clearly defined. Coyote (Canis latrans) Gray wolf (Canis lupus) Black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas) Dog (Canis familiaris)

9. “Selection” is not exactly what happens. Best are not favored; poorest are disfavored.

10. “Selection” is not exactly what happens. Best are not favored; poorest are disfavored. Natural selection? Improves the species? Natural elimination. Preserves the species. Natural elimination: Harmful traits are eliminated, while viable traits survive. Artificial selection: Only a few selected traits are allowed to survive.

11. Weimaraner

12. Eyes Green Brown Blue Yellow Yellow Hair Weimaraner Blond Black Gray Brown Red Selective breeding creates nothing. It merely eliminates options until variation can no longer occur. Gray

13. South America

14. South America

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19. --Both mutation & adaptation 3. Competition is how mutations are purged. adaptationssurvive to The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life 1. Variation occurs randomly. 2. Competition determines which variation survives to reproduce and which does not. 3. A reproducing variation is the basis of a new species.

20. --Both mutation & adaptation 3. Competition is how mutations are purged. adaptationssurvive to The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life 1. Variation occurs randomly. 2. Competition determines which variation survives to reproduce and which does not. 3. A reproducing variation is the basis of a new species. The Preservation of Kinds by and the Preservation of Healthy Stock

21. Summary • Change from one “species” to another is a misleading basis for evaluating evolution, because it may not identify permanent change. • “Natural selection” does not necessarily remove neutral traits; it may simply reduce their frequency during times that they are less useful. • Mutation is harmful; natural selection helps keep it in check • Adaptation is a way of preserving an organism’s kind, not a means of changing it to something else.

23. B100 Origin of Species Additional comments and discussion Slide 7 ”Thousands of diseases” by mutation can be verified by visiting http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/Stats/mimstats.html The Mandelian Inheritance in Man database is the authoritative source for genetic disease mutations in humans. The identified mutations to date are “Established Gene Locus;” Positively identified diseases from these mutations are called “Phenotype Descriptions;” and conditions being investigated as possible genetic diseases are listed as “Other Entries.” The contents of this slide are not meant to be viewed as a slide. Block and copy the content into a word document. Edit, save and print from there.