The axial skeleton contains approximately __ bones, which include bones of the ___?

1. The axial skeleton contains approximately __ bones, which include bones of the ___? • 126/pelvic girdle and limb bones • 80/skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage • 80/pelvic girdle and pectoral girdle • 2 and 3

2. Bones of the axial skeleton have all of the following functions except _____? • Protect brain and spinal cord • Provide surface area for attachment of respiratory muscles • Contain medullary cavities with yellow bone marrow • Protect organs of the ventral body cavity

3. In which bone is the foramen magnum located? Sphenoid Occipital bone Ethmoid Parietal bone

4. Tomás suffers a blow to the skull that fractures the right superior lateral surface of his cranium. Which bone is fractured? Frontal bone Right temporal bone Right parietal bone Ethmoid

5. Which bone contains the depression called the sella turcica? What is located in this depression? Sphenoid bone; pituitary gland Ethmoid; olfactory epithelium Temporal bone; inner ear Lacrimal bone; tear apparatus

6. Which of these bones are paired bones of the face? • Temporal bones • Inferior nasal conchae • Parietal bones • 1 and 3

7. Which suture is not paired with the bones it separates? • Lambdoidal/occipital and parietal bones • Squamous/temporal bone and sphenoid bone • Coronal/frontal from two parietal bones • Sagittal/parietal bones

8. Which bone contains the mental foramen and what structures use that passageway? • Parietal/none • Occipital/hypoglossal nerves • Temporal/internal carotid artery • Mandible/mental nerves

9. The sphenoid bone contains all of the following openings except? • Optic canals • Superior orbital fissures • External auditory meatus • Foramen ovale

10. The significance of the petrous part of the temporal bone is that it serves as ___? • The housing for the auditory ossicles • A passageway for the jugular vein • Sites of attachment for muscles that move the mandible • The housing for the temporal sinuses

11. Several openings occur within the temporal bone for the passage of structures. Which of the following is correct? • Foramen magnum/medulla oblongata and hypoglossal canals/hypoglossal nerves • Hypoglossal canals/hypoglossal nerve and jugular foramen/glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves • Foramen lacerum/small arteries and jugular foramen/jugular vein • Carotid canal/internal carotid artery and stylomastoid foramen/facial nerve

12. Which of the nasal conchae are part of the ethmoid bone? • Superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae • Lateral and medial nasal conchae • Superior and middle nasal conchae • None of these is correct

13. Paranasal sinuses serve what purposes? • Lightening the skull bones and providing an extensive area of mucous epithelium • Pulling mucus back toward the throat • Providing the superior and posterior boundary of the nasal complex • Providing the lateral and inferior boundaries of the orbital complex

14. Which of these bones form parts of the orbital complex and also contain paranasal sinuses? • Sphenoid, frontal, maxillary and lacrimal bones • Zygomatic, lacrimal, frontal and palatine bones • Palatine, temporal, ethmoid and zygomatic bones • Maxillary, sphenoid, frontal, and ethmoid bones

15. Which fontanelles disappear within a month or two after birth? • Occipital, sphenoid, and mastoid • Metopic, frontal, and sagittal • Anterior, parietal, and occipital • Sphenoid, lambdoid, and mastoid

16. What is a consequence of early closure of one or more sutures? • Distorted skull shape • Brain stops growing • Early death • Parents cannot see if their infant is dehydrated

17. Secondary curves of the spine are also called ______? The cervical curve ____ and the lumbar curve ______? Accommodation curves/is present at birth/accommodates abdominal viscera Compensation curves/helps balance weight of head/balances weight over lower limbs Compensation curves/decreases flexibility/allows for development of larger vertebrae None of these is correct

18. Which structures form the vertebral arch of vertebrae? • Superior and inferior articular processes • Pedicles and laminae • Transverse and spinous processes • Vertebral bodies and transverse foramina

19. When you run your finger along a person’s spine, what part of the vertebrae are you feeling just beneath the skin? Superior articular processes Pedicles Transverse processes Spinous processes

20. Why does the vertebral column of an adult have fewer vertebrae than that of a newborn? Vertebrae are absorbed as adult stature is reached. Newborns require more support in the cervical region. The sacrum and coccyx fuse post-puberty. Vertebrae are formed that later become ribs.

21. Joe suffered a hairline fracture at the base of the dens. Which bone is fractured, and where is it located? Second cervical vertebra; posterior neck First cervical vertebra; posterior neck Occipital bone; posterior base of skull Sacrum; posterior pelvis

22. What feature distinguishes cervical vertebrae 2–6 from a thoracic or lumbar vertebra? Bifid spinous processes Spinous processes point inferiorly Transverse foramina 1 and 3 are correct.

23. Why are the bodies of the lumbar vertebrae so large? They develop first and therefore have longer to grow. To provide more flexibility. To distribute weight over a larger area. To provide greater protection to the lumbar spinal nerves.

24. How could you distinguish between true ribs and false ribs? True ribs attach directly to the sternum by their own costal cartilage. True ribs are entirely bony. False ribs are not part of the thoracic cage. True ribs are attached only to the sternum.

25. Improper administration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can result in a fracture of which bone(s)? Cervical vertebra and ribs Thoracic vertebra and ribs Sternum and thoracic vertebra Sternum and ribs

26. What are the main differences between vertebrosternal and vertebrochondral ribs? Vertebrosternal ribs attach to the sternum by their own costal cartilages. Vertebrochondral ribs’ costal cartilage fuse and merge with cartilages from rib 7 Vertebrosternal ribs increase in curvature and length from 1–7. All of the above are true.