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Cells

Cells. Robert Hooke -1665. In his book, entitled Micrographia, Hooke was the first to use the term cell From the Latin “ cella” meaning “small chamber”. Anton van Leeuwenhoek-1675. A Dutch cloth merchant who became interested in studying cells

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Cells

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  1. Cells

  2. Robert Hooke -1665 • In his book, entitled Micrographia, Hooke was the first to use the term cell • From the Latin “cella” meaning “small chamber”

  3. Anton van Leeuwenhoek-1675 • A Dutch cloth merchant who became interested in studying cells • Was the first to see and describe bacteria, sperm cells and protista

  4. Theodor Schwann (1838) – all animals are composed of cells • Matthias Schleiden (1838) – all plants are composed of cells

  5. Rudolf Virchow (1856) “Omnis cellula e cellula” • “where a cell arises, there a cell must previously have existed”

  6. Modern Cell Theory • All organisms are composed of cells. • Cell come from other cells. • Cells are the smallest unit of structure and function in living organisms.

  7. Prokaryotic Cells • Lack a true nucleus • Size: 1-10 microns • Include bacteria

  8. Basic Bacterial Cell

  9. Examples of Prokaryotes

  10. Eukaryotic Cells • Have a true nucleus • Size: 10-100+ microns • Include plants, animals, fungi and protista

  11. Basic Cell Design • Cell Membrane – surrounds the cell • Cytosol – “cell liquid” • Organelles – “little organs” • Nucleus- control center

  12. Cell Membrane • Regulates the passage into and out of the cell • Provides protection • Helps in cellular recognition of molecules

  13. Cytosol/Cytoplasm • Cytosol: the liquid portion inside the cell membrane • Cytoplasm: the cytosol and organelles, but not the nucleus

  14. Nucleus

  15. Nucleus • Contains DNA • The cell’s “brain” or CPU • DNA codes for protein production • Surrounded by the nuclear envelope

  16. Cytoplasm • Contains the cytosol and organelles

  17. Organelles • Ribosomes • Endoplasmic reticulum • Golgi bodies or complex • Lysosomes • Mitochondria • Chloroplasts

  18. Ribosomes

  19. Ribosomes • Are the cell’s protein factories • Read mRNA code as seen on the right • Maybe free in the cytoplasm • Or bound to the ER

  20. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Comes from the Greek Endo = “within”Latin reticulum = “network.” • A membrane network within the cytoplasm • Two types: Rough – with ribosomes attached (RER) • Or Smooth – with no ribosomes (SER)

  21. Rough ER • Helps the ribosomes in the formation of proteins • Used to transport proteins to other parts of the cell

  22. Smooth ER • Functions include synthesis of membrane lipids & detoxification of drugs • Liver cells contain large amounts of smooth ER

  23. Golgi Body

  24. Golgi Body • Modify, sort, and package proteins from the ER for storage in the cell & secretion out of the cell

  25. Lysosomes

  26. Lysosomes • Digestive sacs filled with enzymes • Breakdown lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into a form that can be used by the cell • Digest worn out organelles

  27. Helps to recycle cellular structures • Sometimes called “suicide sacs” • Involved in rheumatoid arthritis • Example…

  28. Mitochondria

  29. Converts chemical energy stored in food into compounds that the cell can use (cellular respiration) • Contain their own DNA

  30. Chloroplasts

  31. Site of photosynthesis • Contains the green pigment chlorophyll • Helps to convert light energy, water, and carbon dioxide into sugars • Also contain genetic information

  32. Endosymbiotic Theory • States mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free living prokaryotic cells • First proposed in the 1890s, but not supported until 1981 with the discovery of mitochondrial DNA • Explanation…

  33. Vacuole • Storage area for water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates • Many plants have a large central vacuole filled with liquid to support the plant

  34. Cell Wall • The cell wall is a rigid structure that is found in plants, fungi, and bacteria cells • It supports and maintains the shape of the cell. It is extremely strong.

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