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The Periodic Table

The Periodic Table. MENDELEEV. Old image of periodic table. The following slides show the Structure of the atom and how this relates to the Modern Peiodic Table. The Atom. Electron. Nucleus. Shell or Orbit. ELECTRON negative, mass nearly nothing. NEUTRON neutral, same mass as proton (“1”).

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The Periodic Table

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  1. The Periodic Table

  2. MENDELEEV

  3. Old image of periodic table

  4. The following slides show the Structure of the atom and how this relates to the Modern Peiodic Table

  5. The Atom Electron Nucleus Shell or Orbit

  6. ELECTRON negative, mass nearly nothing NEUTRON neutral, same mass as proton (“1”) PROTON positive, same mass as neutron (“1”) The structure of the atom

  7. MASS NUMBER = number of protons + number of neutrons 4 He SYMBOL 2 PROTON NUMBER = number of protons (obviously) Mass and atomic number

  8. How many protons, neutrons and electrons? 1 11 16 H B O 1 5 8 23 35 238 Na Cl U 11 17 92

  9. The periodic table arranges all the elements in groups according to their properties. Vertical columns are called GROUPS Mendeleev Periodic table Horizontal rows are called PERIODS

  10. These elements have __ electrons in their outer shell E.g. all group 1 metals have __ electron in their outer shell These elements have __ electrons in their outer shells The Periodic Table Fact 1: Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in the outer shell (this correspond to their group number)

  11. E.g. Lithium has 3 electron in the configuration 2,1 Sodium has 11 electrons in the configuration 2,8,1 Potassium has 19 electrons in the configuration __,__,__ The Periodic Table Fact 2: As you move down through the periods an extra electron shell is added:

  12. These elements are metals This line divides metals from non-metals These elements are non-metals The Periodic Table Fact 3: Most of the elements are metals:

  13. E.g. consider the group 1 metals. They all: • Are soft • Can be easily cut with a knife • React with water The Periodic Table Fact 4: (Most important) All of the elements in the same group have similar PROPERTIES. This is how I thought of the periodic table in the first place. This is called PERIODICITY.

  14. Group 0 – The Noble gases

  15. The Nobel gases • The Nobel gases have full outer shells and they are found in group 0 of the periodic table. Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon.

  16. Group 0 • These are the noble gases. • They have complete electron shells. • The electron shells are full. • They are unreactive. • They are inert. • They do not react. • They include, Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon

  17. Group 0 – The Noble gases Some facts… 1) All of the noble gases have a full outer shell, so they are very _____________ 2) They all have low melting and boiling points 3) They exist as single atoms rather then diatomic molecules • Helium is lighter then air and is used in balloons and airships (as well as for talking in a silly voice) • Argon is used in light bulbs (because it is so unreactive) and argon , krypton and neon are used in fancy lights

  18. The Atom Helium Proton Electron Neutron Helium has two electrons, two protons and two neutrons

  19. The Atom Neon Electrons Protons Neutrons Neon has ten electrons, ten protons and ten neutrons.

  20. Group 1 – The alkali metals

  21. The Alkali metals • Lithium, Sodium and Potassium have one electron in their outer shell and this is why they are found in group one of the periodic table.

  22. Group 1 • Lithium, sodium and potassium are all in group 1. • They all have one electron in the outer shell. • They are all metals. • They react with group 7 to form metal halides.

  23. Potassium + water potassium hydroxide + hydrogen 2K(s) + 2H2O(l) 2KOH(aq) + H2(g) Group 1 – The alkali metals Some facts… 1) These metals all have ___ electron in their outer shell 2) Reactivity increases as you go _______ the group. This is because the electrons are further away from the _______ every time a _____ is added, so they are given up more easily. 3) They all react with water to form an alkali (hence their name) and __________, e.g: Words – down, one, shell, hydrogen, nucleus

  24. The Atom Lithium Electrons Protons Neutrons

  25. The Atom Sodium Electrons Protons Neutrons Sodium has eleven electrons, eleven protons and twelve neutrons.

  26. Group 7 – The halogens

  27. The Halogens • Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine are the Halogens and they all have seven electrons in their outer shell. This is why they are found in group 7 of the periodic table.

  28. Group 7 • Fluorine ,Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine. • They all have 7 electrons in their outer shell. • They are all coloured. • They form metal halides with group 1 metals.

  29. Decreasing reactivity Cl Cl Group 7 – The Halogens Some facts… 1) Reactivity DECREASES as you go down the group (This is because the electrons are further away from the nucleus and so any extra electrons aren’t attracted as much). 2) They exist as diatomic molecules (so that they both have a full outer shell): 3) Because of this fluorine and chlorine are liquid at room temperature and bromine is a gas

  30. Halogens

  31. The Atom Fluorine Electrons Protons Neutrons Fluorine has nine electrons, nine protons and ten neutrons.

  32. Uses of the Halogens • Fluorine is put into water supplies to kill harmful bacteria and to help keep teeth healthy. • Chlorine is used in swimming pools to bacteria in the water. • Bromine is used in pesticides. Silver bromide is used in photography. • Iodine is an antiseptic on cuts and grazes.

  33. H H Cl Cl Halogen + metal ionic salt Na + - Cl Na Cl Halogen + non-metal covalent molecule The halogens – some reactions 1) Halogen + metal: + 2) Halogen + non-metal: +

  34. Reactions • Sodium and Chlorine react to form  • Sodium Chloride. • Iron and Chlorine react to form  • Iron Chloride. • 2Na + Cl2  2NaCl. • Fe + Cl2  FeCl2.

  35. Displacement • Fluorine can displace Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine. F Cl Br I

  36. Displacement • Chlorine can displace Bromine and Iodine but it cannot displace Fluorine Cl Br I F

  37. Displacement • Bromine can displace Iodine but it cannot displace Fluorine or Chlorine Br I F Cl

  38. Displacement • Iodine cannot displace Iodine Fluorine, Chlorine or Bromine I F Cl Br

  39. Fluorine reacts with sodium chloride. Which equation is correctly shows this reaction? • F2 + 2Na  2NaF • F + Na  NaF • 2F + 2Na  2NaF

  40. Which will displace? • 2NaF + Cl2 Yes or No • 2NaBr + Cl2  Yes or No • 2KI + I2  Yes or No • 2LiCl + I2  Yes or No • 2NaBr + I2  Yes or No • 2NaBr + F2 Yes or No • Cl2 + 2NaBr  Yes or No

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