Understanding Internet Child Pornography Offenders: Key Insights & Best Practices

1. INTERNET CHILD PORNOGRAPHY (CP) OFFENDERS: BEST PRACTICES FOR ASSESSMENT AND TESTIMONY BASED ON THE EMPIRICAL LITERATURE Eric A. Imhof, Psy.D. MiATSA 2013 Conference May 30, 2013

2. “WE WHO LABOR HERE SEEK ONLY THE TRUTH”

3. YOU REALLY WANT THE TRUTH???

4. INTERNET CHILD PORNOGRAPHY (CP): THE PROBLEM

5. INTERNET CP: A PROBLEMOF AVAILABILITY 1500% INCREASE IN CP ON INTERNET BETWEEN 1997 & 2005 (NCMEC – 2005b) 1,000,000 CP IMAGES ON INTERNET (WYRE – 2001) 200 NEW IMAGES EVERY DAY (WYRE – 2001) 345% INCREASE IN SITES HAVING CP DURING 6 MONTH PERIOD IN 2001 (WYRE – 2003)

6. INTERNET CP: A PROBLEMOF AVAILABILITY 100,000 SITES OFFERING ILLEGAL CP (ROPELATO – 2004) 116,000 DAILY GUENTELLA SEARCHES FOR “CHILD PORNOGRAPHY” (ROPELATO – 2004)

7. INTERNET CP: A PROBLEMOF FINANCIAL GAIN ESTIMATED ALL PORNOGRAPHY GENERATES $4,000,000,000 ANNUALLY (CARTER ET AL. – 1987) ESTIMATED CP GENERATES BETWEEN $200,000,000 & $1,000,000,000 ANNUALLY (GROVE ET AL. – 2002) ESTIMATED CP GENERATES $3,000,000,000 ANNUALLY (TOP TEN REVIEWS – 2004)

8. THE GOOD NEWS BY 2001 NO WEBSITES CONTAINING CP COULD BE LOCATED (BAGLEY – 2003) UNIFORM SOURCE LOCATORS (URL) GO FROM 10,656 TO 1,316 (IWF – 2009) 42% - NORTH AMERICA 41% - EUROPE (INCLUDING RUSSIA) 17% - ASIA <1% - SOUTH AMERICA & AUSTRALIA

9. …AND THE BAD NEWS COMMERCIAL DOMAINS DECREASED BUT NON-COMMERCIAL DOMAINS INCREASED (IWF – 2007 & 2008) …WHILE THERE WAS AN INCREASE IN MORE SEVERE IMAGES SUGGESTING INCREASED DEMAND (IWF – 2007 & 2008)

10. …AND THE BAD NEWS MUCH OF THE INTERNET PORNOGRAPHY IS FREE (TAYLOR & QUAYLE – 2003) INCREASE IN USE OF PEER-TO-NETWORKS 4% IN 2000 TO 33% IN 2006 (WOLAK ET AL. – 2011)

11. …AND THE BAD NEWS BETWEEN 2000 & 2006 INCREASE IN YOUNGER (18-25) ARRESTEES INCREASE IN NUMBER OF IMAGES AND VIDEOS IN COLLECTIONS INCREASE IN IMAGES OF CHILDREN YOUNGER THAN 12 (BUT NOT LEVEL OF VIOLENCE) INCREASE IN DISTRIBUTORS OF CP (WOLAK ET AL. – 2011)

12. DISORDER IN THE COURT

13. EARLY TYPOLOGIES

14. TYPOLOGY OF IMAGESTAYLOR, HOLLAND, & QUAYLE (1992) • INDICATIVE (NON-EROTIC/NON-SEXUALIZED) • NUDIST • EROTICA • POSING • EROTIC POSING • EXPLICIT EROTIC POSING • EXPLICIT SEXUAL ACTIVITY • ASSAULT • GROSS ASSAULT (PENETRATION BY ADULT) • SADISTIC/BESTIALITY

15. TYPOLOGY OF OFFENDERKRONE (2004) • BROWSER • PRIVATE FANTASY • TRAWLER • NON-SECURE COLLECTOR • SECURE COLLECTOR • GROOMER • PHYSICAL ABUSER • PRODUCER • DISTRIBUTOR

16. TYPOLOGY OF OFFENDER BEECH, ELLIOTT, BIRGDEN, & FINDLATER (2008) 1) FUEL EXISTING OR DEVELOPING INTEREST 2) CONTACT OFFENDER USING CP AS LARGER PATTERN OF OFFENDING 3) IMPULSIVE & CURIOUS INDIVIDUALS 4) DEAL IN CP FOR FINANCIAL GAIN

17. TYPOLOGY OF INTERNET OFFENDERSELLIOTT & BEECH (2009) 1) PERIODICALLY PRURIENT 2) FANTASY ONLY 3) DIRECT VICTIMIZATION OFFENDERS 4) COMMERCIAL EXPLOITATION OFFENDER

18. I GOT AN IDEA… LET’S ASK THE OFFENDER WHY THEY DID IT

19. EXPLANATIONS FOR CP ACCESS QUAYLE & TAYLOR (2002) 1) SEXUAL AROUSAL - IMAGES AS EITHER A SUBSTITUTE OR STIMULUS FOR CONTACT SEXUAL OFFENDING 2) SOURCE OF PLEASURE BY COLLECTING A COMPLETE SERIES OF IMAGES 3) TO ENABLE ON-LINE SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS WITH LIKE-MINDED INDIVIDUALS 4) REPLACEMENT FOR ABSENT OR UNSATISFYING RELATIONSHIPS IN REAL WORLD 5) THERAPY FOR EXPLORING & DEALING WITH ONE’S OWN ABUSE/PROBLEMS 6) A MANIFESTATION OF ADDICTIVE PROPERTIES OF THE INTERNET

20. EXPLANATIONS FOR CP ACCESS (FREI, ERENAY, DITTMAN, & GRAF - 2005) 51% OF SAMPLE REPORTED CURIOSTY AS MOTIVE FOR VIEWING CP

21. EXPLANATIONS FOR CP ACCESSSETO, REEVES, & JUNG (2010)

23. THE LAW ENFORCEMENT RESPONSE

24. LAW ENFORCEMENT RESPONSE ONLY TWO STATES PROHIBITED CP IN 1977 (DOREN - 2007) 491% INCREASE IN CYBER TIP LINE CALLS BETWEEN 2001 & 2004 (NCMEC – 2005A) CP ARRESTS DOUBLED IN THE US 2001 - 2006 (SETO – 2009)

25. LAW ENFORCEMENT RESPONSE CP ARRESTS DOUBLED IN US 2000 - 2006 (WOLAK ET AL. – 2011) 2,062% INCREASE IN CP INVESTIGATION 1996 - 2007 (FBI – 2011)

26. SUSPECTS REFERRED TO US ATTORNEYS WITH SEX OFFENSE(adapted from Motivans & Kyckelhahn - 2007)

27. FEDERAL PROSECUTIONS – CHILD SEX OFFENDERS(adapted from Motivans & Kyckelhahn - 2007)

28. USA CHILD SEX ABUSE CASES(Adapted from Jones & Finkelhor– 2007; per 10,000)

29. NUMBER OF DEFENDANTS SENTENCED TO PRISON - 1994 to 2006(adapted from Motivans & Kyckelhahn - 2007)

30. MEDIAN PRISON SENTENCE IMPOSED IN MONTHS – 1994 to 2006(adapted from Motivans & Kyckelhahn - 2007)

31. DISORDER IN THE COURT

32. IMPACT OF PORNOGRAPHY ON THE OFFENDER

33. “I WAS JUST LOOKING… WHATS THE BIG DEAL? IT’S NOT LIKE I EVER TOUCHED A KID.”

34. EARLY CONCLUSIONS (MYTHS) VIEWING CP WILL PROGRESS TO CONTACT OFFENDING (CARR – 2004 & KIM – 2004) CP POSSESSORS CREATE A DEMAND FOR NEW CP (CARR – 2004) SIZE OF COLLECTION = DEGREE OF INVOLVEMENT IN COLLECTING & WITH THE CHILD MOLESTOR COMMUNITY (TAYLOR & QUAYLE – 2003)

35. EARLY CONCLUSIONS (MYTHS) ORGANIZATION OF COLLECTION = TIME SPENT OFF-LINE WITH CP & TRADING CP (TAYLOR & QUAYLE – 2003) CP MAY REDUCE CHILD MOLESTATION BY ALLOWING PEDOPHILES TO FUFILL DEVAINT NEEDS ON A FANTASY LEVEL AND NOT ACT OUT ON URGES (LAZAROVA – 2004)

36. THE EMPIRICAL RESULTS DESPITE INCREASING AVAILABILITY OF PORNOGRAPHY, IT CANNOT BE CONCLUDED THAT PORNOGRAPHY IS RELATED TO INCREASED SEXUAL VIOLENCE (KUTCHINSKY – 1991)

37. USA RAPE VS ASSAULT – 1940 TO 1985(adapted from Kutchinsky - 2007; per 100,000)

38. USA CHILD SEX ABUSE CASES(Adapted from Jones & Finkelhor– 2007; per 10,000)

39. DIAMOND & UCHIYAMA (1999) BETWEEN 1972 AND 1995 INCIDENTS OF RAPE DECREASED BY 68% IN JAPAN DURING A TIME WHEN PORNOGRAPHY BECAME INCREASINGLY AVAILABLE.

40. SEX CRIMES - CZECH REPUBLIC(adapted from Diamond, Jozifkova, & Weiss - 2011)

41. D’AMATO (2006) PORN UP, RAPE DOWN 85% REDUCTION IN SEXUAL VIOLENCE BETWEEN 1973 AND 2003 53% INCREASE IN RAPE FOR FOUR STATES WITH LOWEST INTERNET ACCESS 27% DECREASE IN RAPE FOR FOUR STATES WITH HIGHEST INTERNET ACCESS

42. ODDONE-PAOLUCCI, GENIUS, & VIOLATO (2000) • EXPOSURE TO PORNOGRAPHY INCREASES RISK FOR: • DEVELOPING SEXUALLY DEVIANT TENDENCIES • EXPERIENCING DIFFICULTIES IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS • ACCEPTING RAPE MYTHS • COMMITTING SEXUAL OFFENSES

43. KINGSTON, FEDOROFF, FIRESTONE, CURRY, & BRADFORD (2008) • USE OF VIOLENT PORNOGRAPHY ADDED SIGNIFICANTLY TO THE ASSESSMENT OF RECIDIVISM FOR CONTACT CHILD SO’S. • FREQUENCY OF PORNOGRAPHY USE WAS NOT SIGNIFICANT FOR SEXUAL REOFFENSE BUT WAS SIGNIFICANT FOR VIOLENT RECIDIVISM. • INTERACTION EFFECTS WERE FOUND WITH RISK LEVEL (STATIC - 99) & TYPE, FREQUENCY OF PORN USE (HIGH RISK – GREATER EFFECT).

44. SETO, MARIC, & BARBAREE (2001) “THERE IS LITTLE SUPPORT FOR A DIRECT CAUSAL LINK BETWEEN PORNOGRAPHY USE AND SEXUAL AGGRESSION” (P. 46) THOSE PREDISPOSED TO SEXUALLY OFFEND WERE MOST LIKELY TO SHOW AN EFFECT OF PORNOGRAPHY USE

45. DISORDER IN THE COURT

46. CP OFFENDER CHARACTERISTICS

47. DEMOGRAPHICS OF CP OFFENDERS(see * at end of reference for included studies) • CP OFFENDERS ARE PREDOMINANTLY: • MALE (98.7% - 100%) • CAUCASIAN (88.9% - 100%) • OLDER (most samples 40 yrs. or older) • MORE EDUCATED (75% - 92% high school grads) • EMPLOYED (61% - 97%) • OF A HIGHER SES (58 - 62% earn $20K – $80K) • NO CRIMINAL HISTORY (69% - 80%) • SINGLE/UNMARRIED (47% - 71%) • HX SEX/PHYS. ABUSE (20% - 21% / 15% - 24%) • NO HX OF MENTAL ILLNESS (75% - 89%)

48. CONTACT VS. NONCONTACT OFFENDERS MCCARTHY (2010)

49. CONTACT VS. NONCONTACT OFFENDERS MCCARTHY (2010)

50. PRIOR CRIMES