HLT31507 CERTIFICATE III IN NUTRITION & DIETETIC ASSISTANCE

1. HLT31507 CERTIFICATE III IN NUTRITION & DIETETIC ASSISTANCE CELLS & TISSUES delivered by: Mary-Louise Dieckmann

2. Cells are the building blocks of life They are comprised of four elements: Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen Cells

3. Cells have three main parts: The plasma membrane The cytoplasm The nucleus Structure of a Cell

4. Control centre of a cell. It contains: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid The Nucleus

5. is the outer boundary for the cell, also referred to as cell membrane Is arranged ‘tail to tail’ has a double phospholipid layer with Hydrophilic heads (water loving) Hydrophobic tails (water hating) contains proteins, cholesterol and gylcoproteins (sugar-proteins) The Plasma Membrane

6. The Plasma Membrane

7. is outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane Contains: Cytosol Organelles Inclusions The Cytoplasm

8. The cytosol is the fluid that suspends other elements The inclusions are chemical substances (present depending on the type of cell) The Cytoplasm

9. Metabolic machinery of the cell. They include: Mitochondria Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough and smooth) Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Peroxisomes Cytoskeleton Centrioles The Organelles

10. Organelles

11. Mitochondria are the ‘powerplants’ of a cell They carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food Provide ATP for cellular energy Ribosomes are the actual sites of protein synthesis They are made of protein and RNA (riboxynucleicacid) The Organelles

12. Golgi Apparatus is the ‘traffic director’ for cellular proteins Modifies and packages proteins for transport Produces different types of ‘packages’: Secretory vesicles Cell membrane components Lysosomes The Organelles

13. The Golgi Apparatus

14. Cytoskeleton is the framework that determines the cell shape A network of protein structures Provides the cell with an internal framework that helps to support other organelles Allows transport and types of cellular movement The Organelles

15. Two types of cells that connect body parts Fibroblasts Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Cell Diversity

16. Epithelial cells cover and line body organs Cell Diversity

17. Skeletal muscles and smooth muscle cells have contractile filaments designed for contraction that causes movement Cell Diversity

18. Fat cells store nutrients Cell Diversity

19. Macrophages or phagocytes fight disease. The lysosomes digest infectious micro-organisms Cell Diversity

20. Nerve cells gather information and control body functions Cell Diversity

21. Reproductive cells include oocytes and sperm Cell Diversity

22. CHAPTER 3 – PART 2 CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY

23. Membrane transport – movement of substances into and out of the cell Two Transport Methods – passive (no energy) and active (metabolic energy provided by the cell) Membrane Transport

24. Intracellular fluid (found inside the cell) cytosol and nucleoplasm Extracellular fluid (or interstitial fluid) (found outside the cell) hormones, nutrients, neurotransmitters and waste products Solutions

25. Two types – diffusion and filtration Simple diffusion: substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentrations Passive Transport

26. Facilitated (helped) diffusion – uses a carrier or a channel Substances bind to protein carriers Moves through a channel constructed by channel proteins Passive Transport

27. Filtration water and solutes are forced through the membrane wall by pressure Pressure can be caused by blood pressure ie. Kidney filtration. Passive Transport

28. Uses sodium-potassium pump to move ions against the concentration gradient Requires ATP to energise the protein carriers Active Transport

29. Active Transport

30. Step 1 – Sodium enters the protein pump, and 1 ion of phosphate binds onto the pump, causing it to change shape Active Transport

31. Step 2 – The protein pump changes shape and then sodium ions (Na) are forced out of the cell. Next, potassium (K) ions bind onto the pump protein, and the phosphate ion lets go. Active Transport

32. Step 3 – this causes the pump protein to return to its original shape, and then potassium ions are released into the cell. Active Transport

33. Bulk transport of substances – hormone, mucus or ejection of waste products Exocytosis (out of the cell)

34. Includes all of the ATP-fuelled processes Vesicular sac forms, bringing ingested substance into cell Lysosomes digest vesicle, releasing contents into cytoplasm Endocytosis (into the cell)

35. Endocytosis (into the cell)

36. CHAPTER 3 – PART 3 BODY TISSUES

37. Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function. Four primary tissue types: Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue Tissues

38. Forms body coverings, body linings and glandular tissue Major functions: Protection Absorption Filtration Secretion Epithelial Tissue

39. Closely packed cells Always have apical (unattached) and basal (attached) surfaces Innervated but avascular Two names – first indicates number of layers, second describes the shape of the cell Special Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

40. Simple Epithelia

41. More than one layer. More durable than simple epithelia, mostly concerned with protection. Stratified Epithelia

42. False (pseudo) impression of being stratified Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

43. Transitional Epithelia

44. Most abundant and widely distributed tissue in human body Functions: Binding and support Protection Insulation Transportation Connective Tissue

45. Blood supply varies – some are well vascularized and others have poor blood supply or are avascular Extracellular Matrix – non living material that surrounds living cells Connective Tissue Characteristics

46. Ground substance – mostly water, adhesion proteins & polysaccharide molecules Fibers – provide support. Three types: Collagen (providing high tensile strength) Elastic (allowing stretch and recoil) Reticular (fine fibers that form networks) Extracellular Matrix

47. Blood Loose Connective Tissue Dense Connective Tissue Cartilage Bone Major Classes of Connective Tissue

48. Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix (plasma) Fibers visible during clotting Functions as transport vehicle Blood

49. Areolar Connective Tissue Most widely distributed connective tissue Soft and pliable – ‘cob-web’ like Contains all fiber types Can soak up excess fluid Loose Connective Tissue

50. Adipose (fat) Connective Tissue Matrix is areolar tissue with fat globules Cells contain large lipid deposits Functions: Insulates the body Protects some organs (ie. Kidneys) Site of fuel storage Loose Connective Tissue