Growth of the Glorious Internet: Technology, Economics & Society

1. Growth of the Glorious Internet: Technology, Economics & Society Technology does not develop in a vacuum Ivan P Kaminow University of California, Berkeley Kaminow@eecs.berkeley.edu January 28, 2005

2. Acknowledgements • I am grateful to all who have made their slides available: • V. Cerf, MCI www.mci.com/cerfsup • M. Zirngibl, Lucent • J. Walrand & P. Varaiya, High-Perormance Communication Networks • Xiaoxue Zhao, UCB

3. Node Node Node Node Telecommunications Systems Metro Network Long Distance Network Central Office Central Office San Francisco New York Major City - Regional Center Major City - Regional Center Central Office Central Office Central Office Central Office

4. Public Switched Telephone Network • Centralized switch synchronization • Propagation delay - 5ms/1000km • Billing

5. PSTN-public switched telephone network Voice Channel Multiplexing Access lines Trunk Network CO Switch CO Switch PBX Signaling Network Business customers Residential customers

6. STANDARD BIT-RATES: 155 Mb/s = 2000 telephone calls 620 Mb/s = 8000 telephone calls 2.5 Gb/s = 30,000 telephone calls 10 Gb/s = 120,000 telephone calls 40 Gb/s = 480,000 telephone calls OUTAGE PROBABLILTY GOAL 3 sec/year = 10-7

7. Wilmington New York Transmitting Data Signals Over Long Distances Microwaves Repeater Hut Microwave Relay Towers& Dish Antennas

8. Wilmington New York Transmitting Data Signals Over Long Distances Microwaves Repeater Hut Microwave Relay Towers& Dish Antennas Repeater Hut Buried Coaxial Cable

9. Optical Fiber: 650 M km installed Jacket Glass Fiber

10. GovernmentAnti-trust v AT&T • MCI = Microwave Communications, Inc • Carterphone - answering machine • 1984 - separation of local and long distance, 7 RBOCs and AT&T

11. BELLHEADS SURRENDER TO NETHEADS

12. Packet Switched Network • Distributed control, self-healing • Designed for bursty data • Intelligence at edge • Can interconnect any type network and any application using simple TCP/IP protocol • Innovators don’t need permission: Google, VoIP • Best effort service, lost packets • Latency = processing + propagation delay

13. Historical Perspective:unrest: 1950s~1970s • McCarthyism - communist witch hunt (1954) • Cuban missile crisis (1962) • Vietnam War (1963 - 1975) • Berkeley student protests • Height of the cold war • Fear of nuclear attack

14. Technical Perspective:~1970s • AT&T hardening switches • Survivable ARPAnet (1969 UCLA)=> Internet (1974, TCP/IP), US Department of Defense ***** • Invention of double heterostructure semiconductor laser, Bell Labs • Invention of low attenuation optical fiber, Corning

15. May 1974: “A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication,” Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn, IEEE Transactions on Communications

16. Technical Perspective:~1980s • 1981 - Personal Computer, IBM/Intel/Microsoft • 1983 - Commercial fiber network, Boston - NY -Washington, Northeast Corridor, AT&T

17. Technical Perspective:~1995 • Commercial Internet, US Department of Commerce • Commercial Web browser, Netscape • Burst of traffic growth … no reliable data

18. GLOBAL TELECOMS TRAFFIC TERABYTES, ‘000 120 100 Source: Analysys, The Economist 5/99 Data traffic 80 60 Voice traffic 40 20 0 1998 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 Year H. Kogelnik, ECOC 2004

19. U.S. INTERNET TRAFFIC From A. M. Odlyzko, “Internet Traffic Growth,” 2003, <http://www.dtc.umn.edu/~odlyzko>

20. NASDAQ STOCK MARKET BUBBLE 1998-2003 Peak: March 2000 • 2046, 1/26/2005

21. BUBBLE = PERFECT STORM • optical fiber technology - backbone • computer technology - PC • commercial Internet - connectivity • Web browser - killer application • government deregulation - competition • venture capital, marketing hype - spark

23. 22.5 Million Hosts (Bellcore June 1997) 50 Million Users (NUA Jul 1997) 250 Million Hosts (ISC Apr 2004) 797.9 Million Users (InternetWorldStats.com August 2004) [Other estimates range from 850M-950M] Internet - Global Statistics (approx. 2.3 Billion Telephone Terminations, 600 Million PCs [ITU] and 1.34B mobile phones; Washington Internet Daily, 10/6/04)

24. % Internet Use (May 2004) • Sweden (76.8%) • United States (67.6%) • Australia (66.6%) • Netherlands (66.0%) • Hong Kong (63.0%) • Iceland (62.5%) • Denmark (62.5%) • S. Korea (62.0%) • Singapore (60.0%) • Switzerland (59.6%) Total 66.7% (274.3 M) ROW 7.8% (471.1 M)

25. InternetBasics - V. Cerf, MCI • The Internet is a network of networks interconnected by means of the Internet Protocol Suite..

26. S D S D Circuit and Packet Switching Circuit Switching “telephone network” Internet Packet Switching

27. BB AA AA Packet Switch BB BB Packet Switching Features A Host B • Multiplexing data from multiple processes • “Store-and-forward” • Automatic speed adaptation • Adaptive alternate routing

28. Internet Packet Formats Version number “from” address “to” address CONTENTS 166.45.18.99 204.146.165.100 “4” “hello” An Internet Packet 128.32.38.0/23 => kaminow@eecs.berkeley.edu

29. Internet Addressing • IPv4 - 32 bits (4.3 billion addresses) • IPv6 – 128 bits (3x1038 addresses) • World population = 6.2 billion

30. Internetworking • Routers • Encapsulation • End-to-end packets • Internet Protocol- IP H R R “Routers were once called Gateways between nets” H

31. IP: The “Thin Waist” of the Internet- Smart apps … dumb pipes App App App App App App Transport TCP Transport TCP Network IP Network IP Network IP Network IP Link 3 Link 1 Link 1 Link 2 Link 2 Link 3 Phys 3 Phys 1 Phys 2 Phys 1 Phys 3 Phys 2 Subnet 1 Subnet 2 Subnet 3 Internet: a Network of Connected Sub-Networks

32. Who owns Internet?Grand Collaboration • ICANN = Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers - www.icann.org • IANA = Internet Assigned Numbers Authority • Architecture Board (IAB) • Internet Society (ISOC) • Internet Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) • ITU = International Telecommunications Union • United Nations • Professional Societies • IEEE, ACM, IEE, … • World Intellectual Property Organization • And many more!

33. Broadband Internet Access • Dial up • Cable • DSL • FTTP => FCC • Apps drive traffic growth

34. Videoconferencing online • Video-conferencing is a reality. • High speed access is preferable but it can be made to work at dial up speeds (jerkily) • Many suppliers • Tsinghua webtalk

35. VoIP • Cost Reduction (with broadband connection) • Advanced Applications • Web-enabled call centers • Google VoIP • Remote telecommuting • TV over IP • EoIP = everything over IP

36. VoIP Services • Self-provided Customer • Independent of Internet access • Provided by broadband access service provider • Corporate Internal Use on Business LAN / WAN • Carrier Internal Use

37. Call setup and Call data Internet Address Info Self-Provided Customer • IP connection • Voice-enabled device • Examples: Skype, MSN Address Info

38. PSTN Analogue phone PSTN signaling PSTN call Gateway Signaling and Call setup Call data Internet SIP Server Signaling and Call setup SIP phone Independent of Internet Access • Customer in agreement with IP telephony company, independent of ISP • Uses gateway to connect to PSTN • Calls can be made to either VoIP users or PSTN users • IP connection and Voice-enabled device • Examples: Vonage, Packet8, Net2Phone

39. IRIS: A Scalable, Optically Load-Balanced Router Martin Zirngibl Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies mz@lucent.com *** $12M DARPA Consortium Agility, UCSC, Lehigh, USC, Telcordia

40. . . . . . . . . . . . . Input-Buffered Routers Scheduler Egress Line Card Ingress Line Card Packet Processing Crossbar Switch • In order to avoid Head-of-Line Blocking operation is based on • Virtual Output Queues (at each input one queue for each output) • Central scheduling (arbitration) • On packet arrival central scheduler is notified about arrival • Scheduler matches input and output ports to maximize throughput • Requires Complex RAMs Egress Line Card Ingress Line Card Packet Processing Virtual Output Queues

41. First Generation Single CPU – multiple line cards Single electrical backplane Cisco first routers (early ’90s) Second Generation One CPU per Line Card Central Controller for Routing Protocols Cisco’s second generation (7500) Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card CPU Memory Central Control Central Control Fourth Generation Multiple shelves of Line Cards Centralized Switch Fabric Optical links interconnecting Line Cards and Fabric Cisco’s next generation, Juniper’s Gibson CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU Third Generation Central Controller for Routing Protocols Switch Fabric for inter-connection Cisco 12000, Juniper, Lucent’s TMX Central Switch Fabric Switch Fabric Evolution of packet switches

42. Integrated NxN Multiplexer SiO2/Si or InP Waveguides Planar "Free-Space" Coupler L = Const. 1 N 2 Inputs Dummy Guides 2 Outputs 1 N WAVELENGTH ROUTING f1 f2 f3 f4 Output Input 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4

43. 40 G mod 40 G mod 40 G mod 40 G mod 40 G mod 40 G mod 40 G mod 40 G mod 40 G mod 40 G mod 40 G mod 40 G mod Wavelength switching Buffer From Input Port Output T-Tx 40G Rx retiming T-Tx 40G Rx Sche- duler T-Tx 40G Rx T-Tx 40G Rx Clock

44. A Load-Balanced Architecture • Three stage architecture • Space – Memory – Space • First stage uses a “static” round-robin to schedule to distribute arriving packets to middle stage memories • Packets are stored in the middle stage on Virtual Output Queues • Second crossbar delivers packets to final destination based on “static” round-robin schedule • Advantages: • Does not require a central scheduling and alleviates the scheduling problems • Switch Fabrics can be blocking • Mid-stage memories Simplified

45. 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 4 1 2 2 3 2 4 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 4 1 4 2 3 4 Mini-Tutorial on Load-Balancing 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 Cycle 4 Cycle 3 Cycle 2 Cycle 1

46. 7 mm 5 mm Integrated Amplified Delay Lines Amplified waveguide delay lines • 6 cm ~ 0.7 ns • 9 cm ~ 1.0 ns • 16.5 cm ~ 1.9 ns • 20.4 cm ~ 2.4 ns Performance • Propagation losses: ~ 0.5dB/cm • No evident PDL (straight and curved waveguides) • Best loss ever ~ 0.2dB/cm in straight waveguide

47. The end