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Jim Hlavac Monash University, Melbourne jim.hlavac@arts.monash.edu.au

Use of Croatian across domains: language maintenance and shift amongst Croatian-speakers in Australia. Jim Hlavac Monash University, Melbourne jim.hlavac@arts.monash.edu.au. Aims of paper. Statistical overview of Croatian speakers Language use according to domains – second generation

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Jim Hlavac Monash University, Melbourne jim.hlavac@arts.monash.edu.au

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  1. Use of Croatian across domains: language maintenance and shift amongst Croatian-speakers in Australia Jim Hlavac Monash University, Melbourne jim.hlavac@arts.monash.edu.au

  2. Aims of paper • Statistical overview of Croatian speakers • Language use according to domains – second generation • Croatian and English? Where? With whom? • Language maintenance/shift  3rd generation

  3. English + most widely spoken 15 languages - 2006 Melbourne 3 600 000 English 2,447,490 Italian 120,038 Greek 114,210 Vietnamese 71,121 Cantonese 65,496 Mandarin 62,462 Arabic 53,871 Macedonian 29,060 Turkish 27,857 Spanish 23,373 Croatian 19,444 Maltese 17,961 Hindi 17,670 Sinhalese 16,599 Polish 16,282 German 15,509 Australia 19 800 000 English 15,581,333 Italian 316,895 Greek 252,226 Cantonese 244,553 Arabic 243,662 Mandarin 220,600 Vietnamese 194,854 Spanish 98,001 German 75,634 Hindi 70,011 Macedonian 67,835 Croatian 63,612 Korean 54,623 Turkish 53,857 Polish 53,389 Tagalog 53,283

  4. Informants • 100 Croatian-English bilinguals – 50 ♀, 50 ♂ • 2nd generation (87 born in Aust., 13 arrived < 5 yrs old) • All speakers of Štokavski dialect of Croatian • Children of endogamous marriages • Parents arrived in Australia as adults • Resident in Melbourne or Geelong • Taped interviews and written questionnaires

  5. Sociolinguistic domains • Home/family • Personal/intimate • Leisure/social life/religion • Media • Workplace/shopping/neighbourhood • Education • Spouse/partner • (Future) Children

  6. Home / Family

  7. Self-reported proficiency in Croatian

  8.  Language/s I speak to mother/father Mother / father speaks to me in

  9. Language choice with older siblings

  10. Language choice with younger siblings

  11. Personal / intimate

  12. Ethnic-specific leisure events

  13. Social life - Ethnic background of friends Language spoken with Croatian friends

  14. Church attendees – 72/100

  15. Prayer

  16. Media

  17. Workplace If you work, do you use Croatian at your workplace? Yes : 37% No: 63% If yes, with whom? Customers / Clients 57% Workmates 54% Employer / Boss 30%

  18. Shopping / Neighbourhood Use of Croatian when shopping or using a service (eg. bank, tradesperson). Yes: 1 No: 99 Neighbours with whom you speak Croatian? Yes: 41 No: 59

  19. Education Attendance at Croatian Saturday morning school? Yes: 85 No: 15 Why do students attend Croatian school? Because their parents want/force them to go 33 So that they can learn the language 20 Extra marks in year 12 13 Keep the parents happy 9 Socialise with other Croats 8 Because they like Croatian school 6 Other 11

  20. Spouse / Partner Is your spouse/partner of Croatian origin? Yes: 15 (79%) No: 4 (21%) If yes, was the fact s/he is Croatian: Important: 10 (67%) Convenient: 3 (20%) A coincidence: 2 (13%) If no, does s/he know any Croatian? Yes: 2 (50%) No: 2 (50%)

  21. Language with Cro. spouse/partner – 15/100I speak: S/he speaks:

  22. With children – 7/100 Which language/s do you speak with your child/ren? Croatian: 1 Cro. & Eng.: 5 English: 1 Which language/s does your child speak with you? Croatian: 0 Cro. & Eng.: 4 English: 2 Not able to speak yet: 1

  23. Language choice – why? Croatian Because if feels natural and I want my child to know and speak Croatian Cro. & Eng Being able to understand/communicate with parents, relatives etc. in Croatian English Less confusion

  24. Without children – 93/100

  25. Croatian and English – 2nd generation interlocutors Swearing 68% Soccer matches, nightclubs, discos 45% Croatian-origin friends 45% Spouse/partner 45% Dream in, think in 35% Siblings 30% (Eng. with some Cro. words / Cro. with some Eng. Words) Same-age parishioners 28% Prayer 25% Younger parishioners 22% Croatian and English – 3rd generation interlocutors Children 80% Future children 75%

  26. Croatian with English embeddings Ima pet, pet ispodmene, tri casualsitwokojiradepart-time. There are five, five under me, three casuals and two who work part-time Croatian / English alternations Nah, bilo je kadasubiliyoung and when they were growing up, išto su radili, it was about girls, teenage girls. Nah, it was when they were young and when they were growing up, and what they did, it was about girls, teenage girls.

  27. English with Croatian embeddings I’m not sure what he does there – mechanical work, maintenance, painting, takve stvari. ... things like that. English with Cro. emblematic embeddings Svekrve are bad news. Mothers-in-law... Australian-Croatian ethnolect Yeah, same to you mate, hope your legs dry up! ... neka ti se noge isuše!

  28. Language maintenance – Reversing language shift 1. Education, mass media – state, national? 2. Mass media + govt. services – local, state ? 3. Work spheres ? 4a. Croatian-English bilingual mainstream schools  4b. Croatian taught in mainstream schools  5. Croatian supplementary schools ? 6. Daily intergenerational and concentrated home-family-neighbourhood-community links ? 7. Interaction in Croatian mainly amongst older gen. 8. Reconstructing Croatian and adult SLA of it. N/A

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