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Mid-term Exam Review: Biomedical Agriculture and Plant Food Conundrum

This review covers topics related to Biomedical Agriculture and the Plant Food Conundrum, including the importance of staple crops, biofortification, and the role of phytochemicals in human health. It also includes a discussion on recent epidemiological evidence and challenges in dietary guidelines.

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Mid-term Exam Review: Biomedical Agriculture and Plant Food Conundrum

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  1. REVIEW: Mid term 2013 Scheduled on 10/17/2013 (2.00 pm-3.30 pm CST)

  2. Lectures Dr. Luis Cisneros lecture is not included for the mid term exam

  3. Exam outline • CLOSED BOOK • Three sections • Section 1 • Total 25 questions • Answer any 15 Questions • Each question count towards 2 point and total points for this section are (30). Section 1: 30

  4. Exam outline • Section 2 • Match the right answers (1 point/question). • TOTAL POINTS (10) • Number of questions 15 • ANSWER ANY 10 QUESTIONS Section 1: 30 Section 2: 10

  5. Exam outline • Section 3 • TRUE or FALSE (Circle the right answer) • 1 point/question • TOTAL POINTS (12) • Number of questions 20 • Answer any 12 questions Section 1: 30 Section 2: 10 Section 3: 12

  6. Exam outline • Section 4 • Short answer questions • 4 point/question • TOTAL POINTS (48) • Number of questions 20 • Answer any 12 questions Section 1: 30 Section 2: 10 Section 3: 12 Section 4: 48 TOTAL 100

  7. Discussions • Questions from online discussions will also be included. • Limited to topics on class lectures only.

  8. Biomedical Agriculture: A new approach to developing crops for health Dr. Henry Thomson

  9. Topics covered • Plant Food (VF)-Health Conundrum • Possible Explanations • A transdisciplinary Approach to Chronic Disease Prevention • Biofortification, Malnutrition, Biomedical Agriculture • Importance of staple crops • Role of staple crops such as beans for disease prevention

  10. Plant Food (VF)-Health Conundrum Eat mostly foods of plant origin for cancer prevention No convincing epidemiological evidence that any specific type of plant food (V,F,G) or nutrient inhibits cancer of any type WCRF-AICR: Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. Nov.1-2, 2007

  11. Vision Provide consumers in the global market place with human health optimized crop varieties and a practical framework for their use

  12. Biofortification T Underfed Malnutrition Biomedical Agriculture Chronic Diseases (>60% death) Adequate/ Overfed Crop Improvement for Human Health T

  13. Questions • What is the plant food conundrum? • Recent epidemiological evidence has failed to provide strong support for the hypothesis that vegetables and fruit intake inhibits the development of CANCER in human populations. (True or False) • Describe importance of staple food crop in human diet. • What is the role of phytochemicals in plants?

  14. Case studies of fruits and vegetable and their role in human health: Challenges and Opportunities Bhimu S. Patil Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center Texas A&M University, College Station, Tx

  15. US dietary guidelines: 1980-2000 Balance the food you eat with physical activity Choose a diet with plenty of vegetables, fruits and grain products

  16. Questions …..? • What led to the changes in dietary guidelines? • What do you think is still missing in the guidelines? • How to improve it still further?

  17. What led to the changes in dietary guidelines? • Consumer awareness • Research • Media • Education/Doctors advise • Need for a healthy lifestyle • Rising medical costs • Mortality at early age Direct impact Indirect impact

  18. F&V, Phytochemicals: Road to success Successful compound/molecule Very Few Meta analysis Human Clinical trials (Randomized Controlled, Case Control and Cohort) Hundreds In vitro / In vivo -Animal studies Molecular mechanisms- (Cell culture studies…) Millions Ancient Knowledge/ Epidemiological studies

  19. Case studies of F&V • Alpha tocopherol Beta Carotene(ATBC) : 1985-1993 • Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET): 1996 • Physicians health study (PHS) • European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC STUDY)

  20. COHORT People consuming chocolates After a time period… Questtionare OUTCOME: Disease No disease BASELINE DATA People do not consume chocolates (control/ comparison group)

  21. CASE CONTROL EXPOSED No disease REVIEW RECORDS UNEXPOSED Disease case EXPOSED REVIEW RECORDS UNEXPOSED

  22. COHORT CASE CONTROL T A M Small sample size (Rare diseases) Large population (subjects) Disease : assumed Disease : known Very expensive Less expensive

  23. Challenges & Opportunities • Based on the evidences what do you think is conclusive about F&V • Whole F&V vs Supplements ? OR http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/09/080903080858.htm

  24. Questions • What is the major mortality causing factor in USA? Road accidents/Malnutrition/Malaria/CVD/Cancer • Name some major clinical studies related to study of F&V on disease prevention? • What are the factors contributing to change in dietary guidelines? • Name the senator who recommended dietary goals for the American people. • What was the outcome of CARET study?

  25. 0 Phase II Enzyme induction by Myristicin and other phytochemicals: Perspective in Cancer Prevention Dr. Hassan Ahmad

  26. 0 2013 Estimated US Cancer cases Source: American Cancer Society, 2013

  27. 0 2013 Estimated US Cancer Death Source: American Cancer Society, 2013

  28. 0 10 Leading Causes of Death in US – 2010 Source: CDC-National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 61, # 4, May 8, 2013

  29. 0 P-450 PHASE I PRO CARCINOGENS OXIDATION REDUCTION HYDROLYSIS DNA Damage ULTIMATE CARCINOGEN PHASE II GST GSH EXCRETION GSH-CONJUGATION PRODUCT

  30. Strategies of Cancer Prevention Inhibition of Phase I enzymes Induction of Phase II Enzymes Induction of DNA Repair Enzymes

  31. FUNCTIONS OF GST 0 • CATALYTIC FUNCTIONS: • Glutathione S-transferase activity • Glutathione Peroxidase II activity • NON CATALYTIC FUNCTIONS: • Reversible biding and transport of several organic compounds • Irreversible binding and transport of several electrophilic compounds including some carcinogen

  32. 0 What is Chemoprevention? “Chemoprevention involves administering specific amounts of a particular natural or synthetic chemical in an attempt to identify agents that will prevent, halt, or reverse the process of carcinogenesis.”

  33. ENZYME INDUCTION AND CHEMOPREVENTION 0 Important Phase II Defense Enzymes 1. Glutathione S-Transferase:Inactivation of electrophiles by conjugation to GSH 2. UDP-Glucorosyltransferase:Inactivation of electrophiles by conjugation to glucoronic acid. 3. NAD(P)H:Quinone oxidoreductase:Catalyzes the obligatory two electron reduction of quinones and thus shields the cells against the electrophilicity of quinones and oxidative stress.

  34. 0 Biological source of Myristicin carrots broccoli dill nutmeg coffee

  35. Questions • What are enzymes involved in detoxification of caricinogens? • What is function of phase 1 and phase 2 enzymes? • What is the role of Myrsticin and name some good F&V which are a good source of Myrsticin? • What is chemoprevention? • What are the components of Glutathione? • Describe the functions of GST, catalytic and non catalytic • Which is a more viable strategy: enzyme induction or chemoprevention for effective protection from cancer causing chemicals

  36. Molecular Interactions of Turmeric with Cancer Chemotherapy Dr. Siva Somasundaram

  37. What is Turmeric? • Turmeric is a member of the Curcuma botanical group, which is part of the ginger family of herbs, the Zingiberaceae. The root and rhizome (underground stem) of the Curcuma longa L. plant is crushed and powdered into ground Turmeric. Ground Turmeric is used worldwide as a seasoning, to make curry, and for its therapeutic effects.

  38. Rhizome or underground stem

  39. Curcumin and Cancer • "Therapeutic potential of Curcumin in human prostate cancer. Curcumin inhibits proliferation, induces apoptosis, and inhibits angiogenesis of  prostate cancer cells."

  40. Angiogenesis • Cancer cells (probably like all tissues) secrete substances that promote the formation of new blood vessels - a process called angiogenesis.

  41. Turmeric as an anti-oxidant • Turmeric and its activeCurcumins or Curcuminoids and the water soluble peptide turmerin, have antioxidant properties and effectively inhibit the free radical damage to biomolecules both in vitro and in vivo conditions. The fact that Curcuminoids act as antioxidants by prevention and intervention processes, makes them very unique natural antioxidants"

  42. Apoptosis • Often apoptosis is called 'programmed cell death'. • The apoptosis program can be activated by a wide diversity of triggers ranging from normal, physiological micro-environmental 'cues' to toxic stimuli, such as radiation-induced genomic damage. • The classical hallmarks of apoptosis - the morphological changes and the degradation of DNA into the typical oligo-nucleosomal fragments - are dependent upon a family of protein-snipping enzymes known as caspases

  43. The Mechanisms of Apoptosis • There are 3 different mechanisms by which a cell commits suicide by apoptosis. • one generated by signals arising within the cell • another triggered by death activators binding to receptors at the cell surface, eg, TNF-a, Lymphotoxin, Fasligand (FasL) • a third that may be triggered by dangerous reactive oxygen species.

  44. The intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway • Release of Bcl-2, Apaf-1 and caspase-9 • Formation of apoptosome Mitochondrion

  45. Activation of Caspases • In a given apoptosis pathway, activation of caspases may be initiated by death-receptor/death-factor interaction, or by the movement of cytochrome C molecules out of mitochondria, or both. • c-Jun-N terminal kinases activate caspases for nucleosomal degradation.

  46. Questions • What is curcumin and what are its beneficial properties? • Is there convincing evidence of curcumin against Alzheimer’s disease? • Which was more effective on prostrate cancer cell lines: Capsaicin/curcumin/capsaicin+curcumin+bioflavone. • What is apoptosis? Describe the mechanism of Apoptosis • What is intrinsic and extrinsic pathway? What are the enzymes involved? • What are the commonly used drugs for chemotherapies?

  47. Engineering Plant Calcium Levels:Foods for Thought Kendal Hirschi

  48. Calcium is an important nutrient for animals and plants Fruits and vegetables can be a source of bioavailable Ca2+ Ca2+ can also be used to ameliorate the effects of salt stress Ca2+ deficiency in plants can cause many serious symptoms

  49. Model Systems In Plant Biology

  50. Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ H+ H+ H+ H+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ H+ Ca2+ Plant Ca2+content could be increased by overexpression of a Ca2+ transporter Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ H+ Ca2+ CAX1 Vacuole

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