8D (Eight Disciplines) Problem Solving Process

1. 8D: Eight Disciplines PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved. © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

2. NOTE: This is a PARTIAL PREVIEW. To download the complete presentation, please visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg Learning Objectives 1. Describe the key concepts and principles of 8D problem solving 2. Understand the dynamics of team-based problem solving 3. Define the roles of the 8D problem solving team 4. Familiarize with the use of analytical tools 5. Describe the objective of each step of the 8D process 6. Define the critical success factors for effective 8D problem solving 2 © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

3. Contents 1. Key Concepts & Principles of 8D Problem Solving 2. Team Approach to 8D Problem Solving 3. Roles of 8D Problem Solving Team 4. Review of Analytical Tools in 8D 5. 8D Problem Solving Process – The Step by Step Approach 6. Preparing the 8D Report 7. Critical Success Factors 3 © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

4. The Blind Men and the Elephant It is a wall! It is a snake! It is a branch! Problems are often perceived differently by different people. 4 © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

5. What Is a Problem? A problem is a deviation from a standard, i.e., a difference between what should be happening and what is actually happening Standard – what should be happening Gap = Problem Current situation – what is actually happening 5 © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

6. What is Problem Solving? § Elimination of the cause of a nonconformity, potential nonconformity or other undesirable condition in order to prevent its occurrence or recurrence 6 © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

7. What Problem Solving IS NOT § A kaizen event where people are taken away from their “real jobs” for 3-5 days at a time § An exercise to place blame on a person or department § A project only for the Subject Matter Experts or “high- fliers” § Activities to keep people busy during periods of low demand § Another one of those “extra curricula activities” 7 © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

8. Impact of Problem Solving Holding the Gain - Control Sporadic Departure from Standard (Process Improvement) Problem Solving Original Zone of Control Performance New Zone of Control Time 8 © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

9. Benefits of Problem Solving § Increased customer satisfaction § Increased market share § Lower costs § Faster delivery time § Increased profitability § Increased efficiency § Improved morale 9 © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

10. “The problems that exist in the world cannot be solved by the level of thinking that created them.” Albert Einstein © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

11. What is 8D Problem Solving? § 8D (8 Disciplines) consist of eight distinct steps of a systematic process for solving problems § Process is derived from the best practices of other problem-solving methods such as Kepner-Tregoe, A3, PDCA, etc. § Developed by the US Department of Defense and popularized by Ford Motor Company § 8D is now a standard in the automotive industry 11 © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

12. Why Use 8D? Common Approach Provides a Structure Teamwork Provides a common language of understanding. Systematic, yet flexible. Superior to other common methods. More skills and creativity. Team buy-in eases implementation. Quality Methods Based on Facts Documentation Tied to quality management philosophies. Use of statistical tool. Let data do the talking. Eliminates personal biases. Standard format for reporting all actions. Sharing of lessons learned. 12 © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

13. 8D Process Model 8 Recognize Project Team 7 Prevent Recurrence 6 Implement Corrective Actions 5 Develop & Verify Solution 4 Identify Root Causes 3 Implement Containment Actions 2 Define the Problem 1 Initiate Project Team 0 Plan 13 13 © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved. © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

14. What is a Team? § A team is a group of people who perform interdependent tasks to work toward a common mission 14 © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

15. “Talent wins games, but teamwork wins championships.” Michael Jordan © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

16. Why Do We Need Team Building? § The need to quickly respond to changes § Demands for continuous improvement § More effective use of resources § Decision-making and problem-solving is better handled by teams 16 © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

17. Why is Team Building Important? § To discover new solutions to enhance team effectiveness and cohesiveness § Helps bring out the best in individuals in the form of team work § Improves understanding and helps people respect other people’s views even if they don’t agree with them § Helps in exchange of views and ideas which leads to exciting results 17 © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

18. What is a Problem Solving Team? § Is a group of employees performing similar or related projects, who get together on a regular basis, to discuss a topic or theme affecting their work or workplace § May be set up by management to look into an issue faced by the customer with the aim to resolve it and prevent similar problems from happening in the future 18 © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

19. “85% of the reasons for failure to meet customer expectations are related to deficiencies in systems and processes… rather than the employee.” Dr. W. E. Deming © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

20. The PDCA Approach to Problem Solving § A systematic approach to problem solving § Sometimes called the Deming wheel Act Plan § Provides the framework for a team to carry out improvement Check Do § Used together with the common QC tools 20 © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

21. Problem Solving Funnel Big vague concern Breakdown Grasp the situation § Actual vs. standard § Actual vs. ideal Go See Point of cause § Time and place where events cause abnormality 5 Why Analysis Why? Root cause Countermeasures 21 © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

22. 8D Process 8 Recognize Project Team 7 Prevent Recurrence 6 Implement Corrective Actions 5 Develop & Verify Solution 4 Identify Root Causes 3 Implement Containment Actions 2 Define the Problem 1 Initiate Project Team 0 Plan 22 22 © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved. © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

23. D2: Define the Problem Purpose: Describe the internal and external problem by identifying “what is wrong with what” and detailing the problem in quantifiable terms. 23 © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

24. D2: Define the Problem Process Problems can be Visualized with a SIPOC Diagram SIPOC diagram for a ‘Display Definition to Deployment’ process Suppliers Inputs Outputs Customers Process Product specifications Needs definition Product Engineering Display at POS Dealers Demonstration technology Business rationale for investment/use Demonstration & Engineering Group Design & prototyping Country Sales reps Message to be communicated Installation manual Preferred environment in which product should be Installers in stores Development Sales Manager /Merchandiser Key dealer specs and business case End-user Production Corp Product Management Problems include missing components, long waiting time of spare parts, displays that are faulty and don’t work, etc. Set-up for deployment 24 © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

25. D2: Define the Problem Is / Is Not Worksheet IS IS NOT § Who is affected by the problem? § Who first observed the problem? (internal/external) § To whom was the problem reported? § Who is not affected by the problem? § Who did not find the problem? Who § What type of problem is it? § What has the problem? § What is happening? § Do we have physical evidence of the problem in our possession? § What does not have the problem? § What could be happening but is not? § What could be the problem but is not? What § Why is this a problem? § Is the process where the problem occurred stable?§ Why is it not a problem? Why § Where could the problem be located but is not? § Where else could the problem be located but is not? § Where was the problem observed? § Where does the problem occur? Where § When was the problem first noticed? § When has it been noticed since? § When could the problem have been noticed but was not? When § Quantity of problem? § How Much is the problem causing in dollars, people and time? § How many could have the problem but don’t? § How big could the problem be but is not? How Many § What is the trend (continuous, random, cyclical)? § Has the problem occurred previously? (If so attach supporting data/information) How Often § What could the trend be but is not? 25 © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

26. D2: Define the Problem Examples of Problem Description Z1 fibre broadband outage had affected users in the northern and eastern parts of California for over 2 days. Users in the other parts of California were not affected during the same period. 20% of the blue finished lampshades are consistently rejected for paint runs on the top flat. Defects are not seen before the finish coat is applied. Customers in the western region are dissatisfied with the AvengerFood ordering service. During the past 3 months, errors have increased by 25% while complaints from the other regions have remained stable in the same period. Since the rationalization of the patient registration services at the Kent Ridge General Hospital, complaints of long waiting times have increased by 35% when the patient traffic has increased by only 7%. 26 © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

27. D4: Identify Root Causes Symptoms § Result or outcome of the problem § What you see as a problem (Obvious) Achy, weak, tired Symptoms Problem The Problem § Gap from goal or standard Fever Causes § “The Roots” – system below the surface, bringing about the problem (Not Obvious) Infection Causes 27 © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

28. D5: Develop & Verify Solution Countermeasures Selection Criteria Matrix Selection Criteria Matrix (1=Bad, 10=Good) Countermeasures M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 Total Score Countermeasure #1 2 8 6 4 2 22 Countermeasure #2 2 3 6 4 6 21 Countermeasure #3 2 5 5 6 2 20 Countermeasure #4 4 8 3 2 2 19 Countermeasure #5 5 8 5 2 2 22 Examples of Selection Criteria: M1 = Easy to Implement M2 = Feasible M3 = Cost Effective M4 = Robust M5 = Risk 28 © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

29. D6: Implement Corrective Actions Example of FMEA Process or Product Name: Responsible: Prepared by: Page ____ of ____ FMEA Date (Orig) ______________ (Rev) _____________ Action Results S E V O C C D E T R P N Potential Cause(s)/ Mechanism(s) of Failure Current Process Controls Responsibility and Completion Date Process Function Potential Failure Mode Potential Effects of Failure Recommended Action(s) S EVO CCD TR PN Actions Taken E How often does the cause or The highest value process steps from the C&E matrix. In what ways might the process potentially fail to meet the process requirements and/or design intent? What is the effect of each failure mode on the outputs and/or customer requirements? How can the failure occur? Describe in terms of something that can be corrected or controlled. Be specific. What are the existing controls and procedures (inspection and test) that either prevent or detect occurrence? What are the actions for reducing the occurrence, or improving detection, or for identifying the root cause if it is unknown? Should have actions only on high RPN's or easy fixes. Who is responsible for the recommended action? List the completed actions that are included in the recalculated RPN. Include the implementation date for any changes. How Severe is the effect to What is the new process What is the new severity? How well can you detect Are the detection limits Re-compute RPN after actions are complete. failure mode occur? SEV x OCC x DET the cusotmer? cause or FM? capability? improved? Manager completion of change form Not filled out correctly Outdated employee information in current profile No incentive for Manager to comply completely with requirement HR checklist for projects to be completed upon change in employee status Issue delinquency report C.C. Largelist 5/1/00 Procedure changed to include delinquency report 7/15/00 6 7 3 126 5 2 3 30 Communication from Cust Service to Supporting Dept Representative No direct communication Delayed transfer of customer case No formal liaison Customer complaints ID Dept liaison for all supporting Departments Slim Pickins 8/3/00 Procedure changed, Dept liaisons identified 8/31/00 9 4 8 288 9 2 4 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 After Before 29 © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

30. D7: Prevent Recurrence Examples of Visual Management (1) Labels for product identification Floor markings for trolley Standard work for a manufacturing cell ‘Do Not Disturb’ labels 30 © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

31. D8: Recognize Project Team § After finalizing all documentation, you and management must finish in style by showing your appreciation to the problem solving team 31 © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

32. “Continuous effort - not strength or intelligence - is the key to unlocking our potential.” Sir Winston Churchill © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

33. About Operational Excellence Consulting © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

34. About Operational Excellence Consulting § Operational Excellence Consulting is a management training and consulting firm that assists organizations in improving business performance and effectiveness. § The firm’s mission is to create business value for organizations through innovative operational excellence management training and consulting solutions. § OEC takes a unique “beyond the tools” approach to enable clients develop internal capabilities and cultural transformation to achieve sustainable world-class excellence and competitive advantage. For more information, please visit www.oeconsulting.com.sg 34 © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.

35. Operational Excellence Consulting is a management training and consulting firm that assists organizations in improving business performance and effectiveness. Based in Singapore, the firm’s mission is to create business value for organizations through innovative design and operational excellence management training and consulting solutions. For more information, please visit www.oeconsulting.com.sg 35 © Operational Excellence Consulting. All rights reserved.