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Nonviolent Resistance to Black Militancy 1955-1968

Nonviolent Resistance to Black Militancy 1955-1968. Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956). Secretary of Montgomery NAACP Nonviolent Civil Disobedience: refused to leave her seat designated for whites (December, 1955)

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Nonviolent Resistance to Black Militancy 1955-1968

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  1. Nonviolent Resistance to Black Militancy 1955-1968

  2. Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956) • Secretary of Montgomery NAACP • Nonviolent Civil Disobedience: refused to leave her seat designated for whites (December, 1955) • Arrested, tried, and convicted for disorderly conduct and violating a local ordinance • Leaders organized the boycott • 50,000 people participated (over 90% of African Americans in Montgomery) • 381 days • Bus revenue reduced by 80% • Desegregated buses in November of 1956 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5gvNPWSuKM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YoqRsZXR9UM

  3. Civil Rights Organizations • CORE: Congress of Racial Equality • SCLC: Southern Christian Leadership Conference • SNCC (Snick): Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

  4. Freedom Rides 1961 • Interstate journeys to test court ruling organized by CORE • Anniston, AL: bus firebombed • Birmingham, AL: Public Safety Commissioner allowed the KKK 15 min • Montgomery, AL: mob beat passengers • Jackson, MS: arrested • Eventually pressured the Kennedy administration to get the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) to issue a desegregation order http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6w_FDixZ0Sc

  5. March on WashingtonAugust 28, 1963 Famous “I Have a Dream” Speech Joan Baez & Bob Dylan  200,000 – 300,000 people

  6. Kennedy Assassinated, LBJ assumes Presidency Nov. 22, 1963 • Elected in 1964 • LBJ’s “Great Society” allowed for Civil Rights Laws to be enacted • 24th Amendment: made poll taxes illegal • Civil Rights Act of 1964: Eliminated discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, and gender. All Americans had the right to enter all public facilities. • Voting Rights Act of 1965: Outlawed discrimination in voting (literacy tests).

  7. Violent Reaction • Medgar Evers is murdered June 12, 1963 • Freedom Summer murders 1964 • Violence in “Bombingham” (16th St. Baptist Church Bombing September 15th, 1963 and Selma (Bloody Sunday March 7, 1965) • Malcolm X is assassinated (Feb. 21st. 1965) • Watts Race Riots (August, 1965) • King is assassinated April 4, 1968

  8. Malcolm X (1925-1965) “By any means necessary” • Born Malcolm Little in Omaha • Early and young adult years were rough • Trouble with the law • Found the Nation of Islam while in prison • Became Muslim, changed surname to “X” • Communism & Criticism • Leaves Nation of Islam and goes on pilgrimage to Mecca • Assassinated 1965 by 4 armed men, sent by whom? • Conspiracy? To this day, nobody knows who was responsible. • Legacy was Black Power movement • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y7iHxAwPhpU

  9. The Movement Shifts to Black Militancy • Black Power: Stokely Carmichael transforms SNCC to Black Power – white members kicked out (c. 1966). • Black power = the idea that Blacks should stand up for themselves, demand their rights and fight back to protect themselves if needed. • Black Panther Party (1966-1974) and militancy: committed to stopping oppression “by any means necessary” = violence Huey Newton & Bobby Seale 

  10. 10 Point Program The Ten Point Program • We want power to determine the destiny of our black and oppressed communities' education that teaches us our true history and our role in the present-day society. • We want completely free health care for all black and oppressed people. • We want an immediate end to police brutality and murder of black people, other people of color, all oppressed people inside the United States. • We want an immediate end to all wars of aggression. • We want full employment for our people. • We want an end to the robbery by the capitalists of our Black Community. • We want decent housing, fit for the shelter of human beings. • We want decent education for our people that exposes the true nature of this decadent American society. • We want freedom for all black and oppressed people now held in U. S. Federal, state, county, city and military prisons and jails. We want trials by a jury of peers for all persons charged with so-called crimes under the laws of this country. • We want land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice, peace and people's community control of modern technology.

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