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Geology Concepts

Geology Concepts. Mr. Clark BHS. Key Concepts. Major geologic processes. Earthquakes and volcanoes. Minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle. Plate Tectonics. Structure of the Earth. Features of the Crust and Upper Mantle. External Earth Processes. Erosion . Mechanical weathering.

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Geology Concepts

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  1. Geology Concepts Mr. Clark BHS

  2. Key Concepts • Major geologic processes • Earthquakes and volcanoes • Minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle • Plate Tectonics

  3. Structure of the Earth

  4. Features of the Crust and Upper Mantle

  5. External Earth Processes • Erosion • Mechanical weathering • Frost wedging • Chemical weathering • Biological weathering

  6. Natural Hazards: Earthquakes • Features • Magnitude • Aftershocks • Primary effects • Secondary effects

  7. Expected Earthquake Damage No damage expected Minimal damage Canada Moderate damage Severe damage United States

  8. Natural Hazards: Volcanic Eruptions extinct volcanoes central vent magma conduit magma reservoir Solid lithosphere Partially molten asthenosphere Upwelling magma

  9. Minerals and Rocks • Mineral (diamond, quartz) Rock Types • Igneous (granite, basalt) • Sedimentary (limestone, sandstone) • Metamorphic (marble, slate)

  10. Deposition Transport Erosion Sedimentary Rock Shale, Sandstone, Limestone Weathering Metamorphic Rock Slate, Quartzite, Marble Rock Cycle Heat, Pressure Heat, Pressure Igneous Rock Granite, Pumice, Basalt Magma (Molten Rock)

  11. Abyssal hills Folded mountain belt Abyssal floor Oceanic ridge Abyssal floor Trench Craton Volcanoes Continental rise Oceanic crust (lithosphere) Continental slope Abyssal plain Continental shelf Abyssal plain Continental crust (lithosphere) Mantle (lithosphere) Mantle (lithosphere) Mantle (asthenosphere)

  12. Spreading center Oceanic tectonic plate Oceanic tectonic plate Ocean trench Collision between two continents Plate movement Plate movement Tectonic plate Oceanic crust Oceanic crust Subduction zone Continental crust Continental crust Material cools as it reaches the outer mantle Cold dense material falls back through mantle Hot material rising through the mantle Mantle convection cell Mantle Two plates move towards each other. One is subducted back into the mantle on falling convection current. Hot outer core Inner core

  13. Divergent ( ) and transform fault ( ) boundaries Reykjanes Ridge EURASIAN PLATE EURASIAN PLATE Mid- Atlantic Ocean Ridge ANATOLIAN PLATE JUAN DE FUCA PLATE NORTH AMERICAN PLATE CARIBBEAN PLATE CHINA SUBPLATE Transform fault ARABIAN PLATE PHILIPPINE PLATE PACIFIC PLATE AFRICAN PLATE COCOS PLATE Mid- Indian Ocean Ridge Transform fault SOUTH AMERICAN PLATE Carlsberg Ridge East Pacific Rise SOMALIAN SUBPLATE INDIAN-AUSTRLIAN PLATE Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge Transform fault Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge ANTARCTIC PLATE Plate motion at convergent plate boundaries Plate motion at divergent plate boundaries Convergent plate boundaries

  14. Animation Plate margins interaction. Click to view animation.

  15. Divergent Boundary Lithosphere Asthenosphere Oceanic ridge at a divergent plate boundary

  16. Convergent Boundary Trench Volcanic island arc Lithosphere Rising magma Asthenosphere Subduction zone Trench and volcanic island arc at a convergent plate boundary

  17. Fracture zone Transform fault Lithosphere Asthenosphere Transform fault connecting two divergent plate boundaries

  18. Two adjoining plates move laterally along the fault line Liquefaction of recent sediments causes buildings to sink Earth movements cause flooding in low-lying areas Landslides may occur on hilly ground Shock waves Epicenter Focus

  19. Canada No damage expected Minimal damage Moderate damage United States Severe damage

  20. extinct volcanoes central vent magma reservoir magma conduit Solid lithosphere Upwelling magma Partially molten asthenosphere

  21. Erosion Transportation Weathering Deposition Igneous Rock Granite,pumice, basalt Sedimentary Rock Shale, sandstone, limestone Heat, pressure Heat, pressure, stress Magma (molten rock) Melting Metamorphic Rock Slate, marble, quartzite

  22. Black smoker White smoker Sulfide deposit Tube worms Magma White crab White clam

  23. Geologic Time Scale Because fossils appeared in a predictable order, one can use them as relative time markers. What’s more you can define time periods based on certain fossils that were living at that time. This enabled geologists to construct the Geologic Time Scale and name its periods based on the fossil record.

  24. Plate Tectonics • Divergent boundary • Convergent boundary • Subduction zone • Transform fault

  25. Earth’s Major Tectonic Plates

  26. Plate Tectonics

  27. Plate Tectonics: Fundamentals Evidence - plate tectonics unites many disparate observations Sea-floor spreading - the oceans widening is the mechanism that moves the continents

  28. Plate Tectonics: Fundamentals Plate margins - convergent, divergent, transform Continental crust vs. oceanic crust The Earth’s interior: lithosphere, mantle, core

  29. http://imiloa.wcc.hawaii.edu/krupp/BIOL101/present/lcture18/img009.jpghttp://imiloa.wcc.hawaii.edu/krupp/BIOL101/present/lcture18/img009.jpg

  30. Continental Drift Alfred Wegener (1880-1930)

  31. Wegener’s version of continental drift (1912) Wegener was correct… but he had no mechanism.

  32. Plate Tectonics - 1960s New data: the age of the ocean floor magnetic stripes

  33. Magnetic Stripes and Seafloor Spreading

  34. Magnetic Stripes and Seafloor Spreading

  35. Magnetic Stripes and Seafloor Spreading http://jove.geol.niu.edu/faculty/fischer/105_info/105_E_notes/lecture_notes/Plate_Tectonics/PT_images/magnetic_stripes_form.gif

  36. Seafloor Spreading

  37. How does seafloor spreading lead to continental breakup? http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~debari/406/figs/divergent.jpeg

  38. Plate Margins

  39. http://earth.geol.ksu.edu/sgao/g100/plots/1203_03_plate.jpg

  40. Transform fault plate boundaries

  41. Continental vs. Oceanic Crust

  42. Oceanic vs. Continental Crust Age: OC = <180 m.y.a. CC = 2-3 b.y.a. Thickness: OC = 5-7 kilometers thick CC = 10-70 km

  43. Oceanic vs. Continental Crust Composition: OC = basaltic CC = granitic Density: OC = 3.0 grams per cubic centimeter CC = 2.7 gm/cc

  44. The Earth’s Interior

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