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Biogeography of Hawaii

Biogeography of Hawaii. Volcano tops from Ocean Floor Remote Colonization Rare Adaptive Radiation of Founder Species. Diagrams in this lecture are liberally adapted from:

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Biogeography of Hawaii

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  1. Biogeography of Hawaii Volcano tops from Ocean Floor Remote Colonization Rare Adaptive Radiation of Founder Species Diagrams in this lecture are liberally adapted from: Wagner, W. L. and V. A. Funk. 1995. Hawaiian biogeography: evolution on a hot spot archipelago. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

  2. Loihi Origin of Island Archipelago North America Meiji Seamount Aleutian Islands • Hot spot moves or plates move over hot spot • Volcanoes build to surface then erode or subside • Current islands arose after previous islands were already submerged • Exceedingly limited island hopping Pacific Ocean Emperor Seamounts Hawaiian Emperor Bend Kure Midway Layann Necker Nihoa Kauai Oahu Hawaiian Ridge Maui Hawaii

  3. 7.5 Million Years Ago 22° Gardner Pinnacles La Perouse Pinnacles 20° Necker Nihoa 18° 160° 158° 156° 154°

  4. 5 Million Years Ago 22° Necker Nihoa 20° Kauai Nihau Kaula 18° 160° 158° 156° 154°

  5. 2.5 Million Years Ago 22° Nihoa Kauai 20° Oahu Nihau Kaula 18° 160° 158° 156° 154°

  6. 1 Million Years Ago 22° Nihoa Kauai Oahu 20° Nihau Maui Kaula 18° 160° 158° 156° 154°

  7. 0.5 Million Years Ago Nihoa 22° Kauai Oahu Nihau Kaula Maui 20° Mahukona 18° 160° 158° 156° 154°

  8. Present Kauai 22° Oahu Nihau Molokai Kaula Maui Lanai Kahoolawe Hawaii 20° Loihi Seamount 18° 160° 158° 156° 154°

  9. Island Appears Colonized by Plants Biota Establishes Biota Stabilizes Island Moves Away from Hot Spot Waif Founders Lack Competition Speciation: Adaptive Radiation to fill empty niches Endemic Species Sequence of Islands should reflect patterns of speciation Endemics found on just one island, one volcano Humans (about 10 BC) Introduced Exotic Species Endemics Poor Competitors…Extinct Island Development

  10. Endemic Terrestrial Species

  11. Cladistic Analysis • 1960s Development of Cladistic Analysis • Determines Possible Pathways of Evolution • Characters and Polarized Character States • Anatomy, Morphology, Behavior, Chemical, Gene Sequence • Plesiomorphies-Ancestral character states • Apomorphies-Derived character states • Construction of Cladogram-computers! • Reveal homoplasies (parallel, convergent), reversals • Most-parsimonious (fewest steps) cladogram • Not necessarily unique!

  12. Cladogram grade clade Equally parsimonious B B D F G F G D 6 6 7 5 4 3 2 Rotation Here 1 Phenotypic Character (1-7) States (0/1) Plesiomorphic-->Apomorphic Homoplasy

  13. Island-Hopping Crickets!

  14. Island Hopping Crickets Prognathogryllus mauka puna spadix kohala weli waikemoi kipahulu kukui hana stridulans makai alternatus alapa opua kahea awili oahuensis elongatus epimeces hypomacron kahili parakahili alatus flavidus hea robustus pihea victoriae Hawaii Equivocal Island Formation Migration Time Maui Oahu Kauai

  15. More Island Hopping Crickets Laupala pruna cerasina kona hualalai fugax paranigra kohalaensis kolea nigra prosea eukolea vespertina pacifica tantalus hapapa kokeensis keahua Hawaii http://www.wam.umd.edu/~fergusd/Laup3.jpg Island Formation Migration Time Equivocal Maui Oahu Kauai

  16. Amazing Fruit Flies! • 511 of 2,300 endemic insects are drosophiloids • DNA sequences show 10 MYBP arrived Necker • Necker has subsided and lost habitat…now n=0 • All 511 endemic species are a single clade! • Analyzed by morphology, karyotype, molecular analysis Drosophila sproati http://www.msu.edu/~taylo110/DSproati.JPG

  17. Drosophilid Comparisons 15 D. melanogaster D. robusta D. melanica D. funebris D. pinicola D. imigrans D. repleta E. crassifemur S. exigua D. mimica D. sproati Zaprionus Chymomyza Hirtodrosophila Scaptodrosophila 16 Continental 16 8 9 7 9 6 7 8 Numbers of mtDNA base transitions 10 10 7 14 6 7 Purine AG 11 7 13 Pyrimidine CT 8 Hawaiian 10 10 11 11 38 Outgroups 16

  18. Primitive Phylogram of Drosophiloids chromosomal changes recticilia bostrycha disjuncta musaphilia gradata affinidisjuncta hawaiiensis grimshawl planitibia silvestris spectabilis differens heteroneura adiastola peniculipedis cilifera setosimentum hemipeza cyrtoloma picticornis clavisetae hanaulae oahuensis neoperkinsi arcuatus neopicta longiseta adunca nigribasis melanocephala mimica obscuripes yooni tanythrix cognata

  19. Drosophilid Area Cladogram Continental Oahu Molokai West Maui East Maui 1 East Maui 2 Hawaii Kona Hawaii Hilo Just as observed among crickets, these fruit flies radiate in ways that correlate with the biogeography of the Hawaiian Islands

  20. Spiders Spinning Southeast! Tetragnatha 5 T. pilosa 1 T. kauaiensis 6 T. perreirai 4 http://www.entomology.cornell.edu/Faculty_Staff/Blackledge/tetragnatha.JPG 4 2 T. tantalus T. kamakou 4 3 T. kamakou 4 3 3 2 2 T. quasimodo 1 T. waikamoi T. quasimodo 3 T. quasimodo 1 6 3 1 4 T. quasimodo T. polychromata 3 T. restricta 4 6 1 T. macracantha T. restricta 2 3 N T. brevignatha 4 1 T. brevignatha 3 T. stelarobusta 4 T. pallescens

  21. http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/mfbp/images/akohekohe.jpg HoneycreepersofHawaii Vestiaria coccinea Palmeria dolei Extreme isolation limits vertebrate fauna No native amphibians No native reptiles 1mammal (bat) 1 bird established and radiated into 33 extant and 14 extinct species! http://www.stanford.edu/~petelat1/ani5.jpg Hemignathus virens http://www.oahunaturetours.com/images/laysanfinch.jpg Telespiza cantans Hemignathus parvus http://www.uatuahine.hawaii.edu/hana/NaManu/iiwi/iiwi.jpeg http://www.stanford.edu/~petelat1/hcreepr1.jpg Vestiaria coccinea Oreomystis bairdi

  22. Honeycreeper Cladogram 9 Loxops caeruleirostris Loxops coccineus Hemignathus virens virens Hemignathus virens wilsoni Hemignathus virens steinegeri Palmeria dolei Himatione sanguinea Vestiaria coccinea Hemignathus parvus Oreomystis bairdi Telespiza cantans Paroreomyza montana Carpodacus mexicanus OG 10 15 mtDNA RFLP 11 19 6 7 11 17 7 7 8 11 23 11 11 8 19 29 6 33 26 37

  23. How about Plants?Hibiscadelphus Hibiscadelphus distans distans Kauai wilderianus Maui crucibracteatus Lanai giffardianus Hawaii hualalaiensis Hawaii bombycinus Hawaii The phylogram is also an area cladogram showing the positive correlation between evolution and oceanic island biogeography. Photo Source: Unknown…If yours, please send email to rkoning@snet.net

  24. Silverswords Kauai-11 endemic http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/good-bad/images/iliau.jpg Oahu-2 endemic http://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/lrgimage/t172w01.jpg Wilkesia gymnoxiphium Dubautia paleata Maui Nui-7 endemic Argyroxiphium sandwicense Hawaii-3 endemic N Plus 5 indigenous species http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/dpal_chl.jpg

  25. Silversword Origins • Closest relatives are California tarweeds • 3,900 km open ocean crossing • Fruits too thin-walled to survive bird gut • Fruits do not float in sea water • Fruits too heavy to float on wind • Hairy and sticky sepals suggest bird attachment • Preened off on Kauai, then radiated and migrated

  26. Silversword Cladogram (simplified) Tarweed (California USA) OG Dubautia paleata Kauai Dubautia waialealae Kauai Dubautia laxa indigenous Wilkesia gymnoxiphium Kauai Wilkesia hobdyi Kauai Argyroxiphium caliginisMaui Argyroxiphium grayanumMaui Argyroxiphium virescensMaui Argyroxiphium sanwicenseM&H Argyroxiphium kauenseHawaii http://www.calflora.net/bloomingplants/images/redrocktarweed4.jpg

  27. Not all cladograms tell the same story! http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/ger_arb.jpg Geranium arboreum Geranium (pandemic) OG arboreum E. Maui subalpine multiflorumE. Maui subalpine cuneatumHawaii sub-alpine tridensE. Maui alpine hanaenseE. Maui bog humileW. Maui bog kauaiense Kauai bog http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/ger_han_cu.jpg http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/ger_cun_cu.jpg Geranium colonized “late” E. Maui and radiated and migrated speciating most recently on Kauai with ecological correlations! Geranium cuneatum Geranium hanaense

  28. Tetramolopium colonized “late” E. Maui and radiated and migrated to the other islands humileE. Maui capillare W. Maui remyiW. Maui, Lanai rockiiMolokai sylvaeMolokai, Maui tenerrimumOahu arenariumE. Maui consanguineumHawaii conyzoidesMaui Nui, Hawaii lepidolumE. Maui, Lanai, Oahu http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/tet_hum.jpg Not all cladograms tell the same story! Tetramolopium humile

  29. Biotic Factors • Symbioses (living together) • Mutualism: zooxanthellae/corals/forams • Commensalism: bromeliads on trees • Parasitism: epiphytic woevine on shrubs • Competitors: Epiphytes, Allelopathy, Exotics • Herbivory • Pollination, Seed Dispersal • Partners required for reproduction

  30. Abiotic Factors • Light-wavelength (color), amplitude (intensity) • Water absorbs low energy wavelengths…leaving blue • Turbidity (milkiness) vs Turbulence (mixing) • Chlorophyll (purple, blue, yellow, red) • Carotenoids (green) • Phycobilins (green to red) depending on type/depth • Gas Availability (N2=78%, O2=21%, CO2<1%) • Oxygen poisons photosynthesis (photorespiration) • CO2 highly soluble in water, O2 virtually insoluble • Most algae are C3, many terrestrials C4 or CAM

  31. Abiotic Factors • Temperature-plants are essentially poikilotherms • Water in tidepools rises rapidly • Eurythermal = wide tolerance, Stenothermal = narrow tolerance • Dunes heat unless leaves shade them or burrow deeply • Ice damage, frost, heat shock • Large body size: thermal insulation vs heat load • Surface:Volume ratio (Neither Fucus nor Ascophyllum here!) • Desiccation: evaporation, osmotic stress • Saccate thallus (Colpomenia or Valonia) • Mucilaginous sheath, Waxy Cuticle, Hairy Epidermis

  32. Abiotic Factors • Salinity: osmotic stress, Na+ or Cl- toxicity • Salinity in small tidepools rises with evaporation • Salinity in small tidepools falls with rainfall • Euryhaline = wide tolerance, Stenohaline = narrow tolerance • Halophytes • Exudation: Avicennia via hydathodes (salt glands) • Exclusion: Rhizophora ion pumps keep salt out • Shedding: Spartina, annual dicots, leaves abscise taking salt out • Acclimitization: mannitol, sucrose, betaine, etc. • Soil Minerals • Oligotrophic Waters are Depauperate in Minerals (N, P, Fe) • Eutrophic Estuarine waters: Algal Blooms

  33. Abiotic Factors • Surge Stress, Drag Stress, Shear Stress • Turbulence in Rocky Intertidal • Scouring in Sandy Intertidal • Euryhaline = wide tolerance, Stenohaline = narrow tolerance • Benefits • Predator Restriction • Parasite Removal • Equalize Salinity and Temperature • Adds CO2 for photosynthesis, but also adds O2 • Rhodoliths in deep waters…detached coralline red algae • Phytoplankton in Photic Zone of open ocean only 5000 spp! Greater diversity and abundance in Estuarine waters

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