History of Europe

1. History of Europe Chapter 13

3. Mediterranean Europe A History of Ancient Glory: Mediterranean EU • Spain • Italy • Greece • Mild Climate • Location encourages trade & commerce • Wealth • Cultural diffusion • Leads to advances in knowledge

4. Mediterranean Europe Greece: Birthplace of Democracy • 2000 BC earliest inhabitants move into Balkans • Mountainous and rugged • Built villages that became city-states • Athens & Sparta • Greek science, philosophy, drama and art influenced modern culture • 400s BC war with Persia then Sparta • 338 BC Macedonia conquered Greece • 336 BC, Alexander the Great defeats Persia then India • spreads Greek culture

5. Mediterranean Europe The Roman Empire • Romulus and Remus (raised by wolf) • 275 BC Roman republic was on the rise • Conquered overseas territory • Emperor Augustus (27BC – 14AD) first Official emperor • 300s AD Christianity becomes official religion • Faith spreads through empire/Europe • Legacy of the Empire • Art, architecture, engineering, language, philosophy and government

6. Mediterranean Europe Roman Empire Cont’d. • Factors leading to end of WRE • Empire became too big to defend • Threatened by barbarians • No real loyalty amongst troops • Corrupt leaders • Too many taxes • Growing unrest amongst the poor • Spilt between Eastern and Western • 476 AD fell to Vandals • Eastern Roman Empire goes on • Western Roman Empire breaks into small kingdoms

7. Mediterranean Europe Easter Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) • Balkan peninsula and Middle East • Constantinople • Gateway to Asia and Middle East • Great wealth from trade • EasternOrthodox Church • Patriarch vs Pope • Hagia Sophia

8. Mediterranean Europe Italian City-States • 6thCentury WRE breaks into small kingdoms • Christianity continues to spread • Feudalism emerges – kings, nobles, knights, peasants and serfs • Vassal swears oath of loyalty (service and taxes) to lord in return for land and title • Kingdoms eventually grow into countries • 1096 AD Crusades begin • Italian city-states’ of Florence and Venice benefit greatly • Renaissance (‘rebirth’) begins 12th Century • New ideas from Muslims • Greek and Roman “Classics” • Bubonic Plague 14th Century

9. Mediterranean Europe Spain • 8th Century Muslims (the Moors) move into Spain • Religious tolerance between Jews, Muslims and Christians • Learning and education flourish for 700 years • Cordoba and Granada • 15th Century Spain • Ferdinand and Isabella (1492) • Spanish Inquisition – cast out or kill Jews and Muslims • Columbus sails for the west

10. Western Europe • France and Germany dominate • 2 largest • Access to resources, ports and trade routes = productive economies • Switzerland and Benelux countries have own culture • Historical Roots • Charlemagne conquered much of GER and FR during 8th Century • Crowned Holy Roman Emperor • Spread Christianity • Protestant Reformation 1517AD • Martin Luther and his 95 Theses • Question Church’s authority and practices

11. Western Europe • Growth of Nationalism leads to war • French Revolution 1789 • Napoleon Bonaparte • Industrialization grows economies and countries 19th – Early 20th Century • Imperialism and global domination • Leads to WWI (1914 – 1919) • Allied Powers vs. Central Powers • Reparations leads to WWII • World War II (1939 – 1945) • Holocaust, Atomic Age, civilian casualties • Cold War (1947 – 1991)

12. Northern Europe • United Kingdom, Ireland and Nordic Countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden • History of sea travel and conquest • Waves of migrants push earlier settlers further north and west • Sami – earliest inhabitants now live in northern Scandinavia • Great Britain first settled by Celtic • 80AD Romans conquered southern Britain • 400s AD Celts, Angles, Saxons, Jutesdrive out Romans and push Celts further north • 795 AD – first Viking attack on GB (Lindisfarne Monastery) • Terrorize, hit-and-raids in longships which make travel up-river and beaching possible • Conquer parts of GB, Iceland, Greenland, North America, Normandy and parts of Russia

13. Northern Europe • 1066, William Duke of Normandy conquered England • Spoke French but like Vikings in Normandy, eventually settled and adopted customs and language of new land • Sweden grew to regional power in 1600s but never rivaled GB’s empire • GB – “Sun never set on the Empire” • History of seafaring = strong navy and trade – naval bases around the world • Status as an island nation • Relatively stable gov’t • Spread the English language

14. Northern Europe: Modern Age Government • GB lead revolutions in gov’t • Parilament, 930 • Magna Carta, 1215 • English Bill of Rights, 1689 • Female representation, 1990s • Iceland has oldest parliament in the world Industrial Revolution • GB leads Industrial Revolution • Natural resources + capital + new inventions (steam engine) = industrial rev. • Indus. Rev. spread to Nordic countries & Sweden developed most industry Since 1900 • Nordic countries are not heavily involved in world affairs • GB greatly involved in world wars

15. Northern Europe: Modern Age • GB Empire changes greatly after WWII • Many colonies gain independence • Ethnic conflicts come about as a result of colonial rule • Irish Question: Northern Ireland = Protestant WHILE Republic of Ireland = Catholic • IRA = Irish Republican Armyfought for independence Economics • manufacturing in GB and Sweden because of natural resources • timber, fishing and oil in Nordic countries • High Tech – Silicon Glen, Ireland in the 2000s • EU – United States of Europe? • Euro – pros vs. cons • ECSC, 1951 – economic benefits and protection against war • EEC, 1957 – Common market • Maastricht Treaty, 1993 = EU

16. Eastern Europe

17. Eastern Europe Cultural crossroads • Location = great diversity and wealth • b/c of importance and wealth, many want to control it • 100 AD – Rome • 500 AD – Byzantines • Various Slavic groups moved around 400-600s • 800s AD – Magyars sweep into Hungary • 1300 AD – Ottoman Turks • 1400 AD – Austro-Hungarian Empire • 1700s – Austria becomes very powerful – drive out Ottomans in Hungary • Austria, Prussia and Russia break apart Poland Turmoil in the 20th Century • Balkanization - process of breaking up into small, mutually hostile units • By 1908, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania and Serbia gain freedom from Ottomans • By 1913, Balkans countries fight over who should control the area

18. Eastern Europe: 20th Century • 1914, Gavrillo Principe assassinates Archduke Ferdiand (Austria) in Sarajevo • Sparks World War I • After war: Austria and Hungary split apart; Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Yugoslavia gain independence; Turkey replaces Ottoman Empire

19. Following WWII – Soviet Union gained control over Eastern Europe as communist satellite nations • 40 years of communist rule weakened the East’s economy • 1989, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and Romania end communist rule • 1990, Romania and Yugoslavia follow suit • Cause turmoil when establishing new economies - Market Economy from Command Economy • Yugoslavia becomes scene of brutal civil war (ethnic cleansing)

20. Turmoil in the Balkans