I ntroduction

1. Introduction Artificial Intelligent

2. What is AI • Artificial Intelligence is concerned with the design of intelligence in an artificial device. The term was coined by McCarthy in 1956. • There are two ideas in the definition. • Intelligence • Artificial device • What is intelligence? • Is it that which characterize humans? Or is there an absolute standard of judgement? – Accordingly there are two possibilities: • A system with intelligence is expected to behave as intelligently as a human . • A system with intelligence is expected to behave in the best possible manner

3. What is Intelligence? • Intelligence is a property of mind that encompasses many related mental abilities, such as the capabilities to • reason • plan • solve problems • think abstractly • comprehend ideas and language and • learn

4. Concept of AI • Artificial Intelligence is the study of how to make computers do things which, at the moment, people do better” • This definition is of course somewhat ephemeral because of its reference to the current state of computer science. And it fails to include some areas of potentially large impact, namely problems that cannot now be solved well by either computers or people. But it provides a good outline of what constitutes artificial intelligence and it avoids the philosophical issues that determines attempts to define the meaning of either artificial or intelligence. • “Also we can say AI is the study of techniques for solving the exponentially hard problem in polynomial time by exploiting knowledge about the problem domain”.

5. Some task domain of AI • Mundane Tasks Perception • Vision • Speech Natural Language • Understanding • Generation • Translation Commonsense Reasoning Robot control

6. Some task domain of AI • Formal Tasks Games • Chess • Backgammon • Checkers • Go Mathematics • Geometry • Logic • Integral Calculus • Proving properties of programs. 

7. Some task domain of AI(Cont..) • Expert Task Engineering • Design • Fault finding • Manufacturing Planning Scientific Analysis Medical Diagnosis Financial Analysis

8. The Underlying Assumption: • There is good question about intelligence is what are our underlying assumptions. • The research in AI produces a physical symbol system hypothesis for underlying assumption. • A physical symbol system consists of a set of entities called symbol. Which are physical patterns that can occur as components of other type of entity called an expression or symbol structure? • A symbol structure composed of a number of instances of symbol related in some physical way.

9. The Underlying Assumption(Cont..) • At any instant of time the system will contain a collection of these symbol structures. Besides the structure the system also contains a collection of processes of that operate on expression to produce expression: processes of creation, modification, reproduction and destruction. • Computer provides the perfect medium for this experiment since they can be programmed to simulate any physical symbol system. • The importance of the physical symbol system hypothesis is twofold. It is a significant theory of the nature of human intelligence and so is of great interest to psychologists.

10. AI Techniques There are three important AI Techniques. They are: • Search: This technique provides a way of solving problems for no more direct approach is available as well as a framework into which any direct techniques that are can be embedded. • Use of Knowledge: This technique provides a way of solving complex problem by exploiting the structures of the object that are involved. • Abstraction: This techniques provides a way of separating important features and variations from the many unimportant ones that would otherwise overwhelm any process.

11. AI Techniques Cont.. AI technique is a method that exploits knowledge that should be represented in following manner. • The knowledge captures generalizations. That is it is not necessary to represent separately each individual situation. Instead situation that share important role or properties are grouped together. If knowledge does not have this property, inordinate amount of memory and updating will be required. • It can be understood by people who must provide it. • It can easily be modified to correct errors and to reflect changes in the world and our world view. • It can be used in a great many situations even if it is not totally accurate.

12. The Level of Model To build programs that perform tasks the way people do can be divided into two classes. • Programs in first class attempt to solve problems that do not really fit our definition of an AI task. They are problems that computer could easily solve, although that easy solution would exploit mechanisms that do not seem to be available to people. These programs can, however be useful tools for psychologists who want to test theories of human performance. • The second class of programs that performs that attempt to model human performance are those that do things that fall more clearly within our definition of AI task. They do things that are not trivial for the computer.

13. The Level of Model (cont..) The following reason on the human performance.   • To test psychological theories of human performance. • To enable computer to understand human reasoning. • To enable people to understand computer reasoning. • To exploit that knowledge we can glean from people. Since people are the best known performance of most of the tasks with which we are dealing, it makes a lot of sense to look to them for clues as to how to produce.

14. Criteria for Success • The criteria for success How will we know if we have constructed a machine that is intelligent. Whether a machine has intelligence or can think is too nebulous answer precisely. • But it is often possible to construct a computer program that meets some performance standard on a particular task. That does not mean that the program does the task in the best possible way. • It means only that we understand at least one way of doing at least one task. When we set out to design an AI program. We should attempt to specify as well as possible the criteria for success for that particular program functioning in its restricted domain. For the moment that is the best we can do.

15. The Turing Test Turing proposed operational test for intelligent behavior in 1950. Human Human ? Interrogator AI system

16. Turing Test (Cont..) It is a method for determining whether a machine can think. • To construct this test we need two people and the machine. One person plays the role of interrogator. • The interrogator will be in the separate room from the computer and the other person. • The interrogator can ask the question of either the person or the computer by typing them.

17. Turing Test (Cont..) we need four steps: •  Define the problem precisely. In this we determine the initial and final situation of the problem. • Analyze the problem. • Isolate and represent the task knowledge that is necessary to solve the problem. • Choose the best problem solving technique and apply it to the particular problem.