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70 Years of Radioactive Risks in America and Japan. Kevin Kamps Beyond Nuclear Medical and Ecological Consequences of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident New York Academy of Medicine March 11-12, 2013. Hiroshima to Fukushima. March 10, 2011. Days later. Aftermath. Unit 2, 3, 4. Unit 3.
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70 Years of Radioactive Risksin America and Japan Kevin Kamps Beyond Nuclear Medical and Ecological Consequences of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident New York Academy of Medicine March 11-12, 2013
Aftermath Unit 2, 3, 4 Unit 3
Fallout Oppenheimer and Groves at “Trinity” test blast site, July 1945 Destroyed Nagasaki Buddhist temple, with flattened city in background, August 1945
Dejà vu, 65 years later July 25, 1946 Mid-March, 2011
Anti-nuclear groundswell in Japan DaigoFukuryūMaru Fatal fallout
Radioactively contaminated seafood Lucky Dragon’s catch, 1954 Fukushima fallout, 2011
CIA deployed to Japan Lewis Strauss MatsutaroShoriki
Workers over-exposed Tsuruga NPP, Fukui Prefecture, 1981 Bruce NGS, Ontario, Canada, Nov., 2009
Sodium fires Monju, Fukui Prefecture, Dec. 8, 1995 Fermi 1, Monroe County, Michigan, May 20, 2008
Reprocessing plantfires/explosions Tokai-mura, Ibaraki Prefecture, March 1997 West Valley, NY, 1966-1972
Inadvertent nuclear criticalities Shika NPP, Ishikawa Prefecture, June 18, 1999 Tokai-mura, Ibaraki Prefecture, Sept. 30, 1999
Safety cover-ups TEPCO, 1989-2000, 2002 Davis-Besse, Oak Harbor, Ohio, 2002
Deadly steam explosions Mihama-3, Fukui Prefecture, Aug. 9, 2004 Surry NPP, VA, 1972, 1986
Radioactive steam releases Fukushima Daiichi, 2006 San Onofre, San Clemente, CA, Jan. 2012
Earthquakes Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant, Niigata Prefecture, July 16, 2007 Entergy’s Indian Point Units 2 & 3, Buchanan, NY
Additional Risks: RPV Embrittlement Genkai-1, Saga Prefecture Entergy’s Palisades atomic reactor, Covert, MI
Additional Risks: High-Level Radioactive Waste Storage Pools • Fukushima Daiichi Unit 4 on brink of collapse • U.S. pools contain much more HLRW than Japanese pools • Many warnings about risk of catastrophic pool fires
Additional Risks:High-Level Radioactive Waste Leaks Hanford underground tanks Indian Point HLRW storage pools
False solutions: Reprocessing and Centralized Interim Storage Rokkashoreprocessing facility, Aomori Prefecture Savannah River Site, South Carolina
Some good news: shutdowns Oi, Fukui Prefecture, July 2012 (the only 2 reactors in all of Japan to be restarted post-Fukushima) Kewaunee, WI, June 2013
Some inspiring news: showdowns Tokyo, 2011-2012 Indian Point, 2011-2012
GE BWR Mark Is & IIs: Early Warnings “Recent events have highlighted the safety disadvantages of pressure-suppression containments…What are the safety advantages of pressure suppression, apart from the cost saving?...I recommend that the AEC adopt a policy of discouraging further use of pressure-suppression containments, and that such designs not be accepted for construction permits filed after a date to be decided. Contained in a memo to his boss by AEC Safety Officer, Stephen Hanauer, Sept. 20,1972
GE Mark I/II: Early Warnings, Ignored “The acceptance of pressure suppression containment concepts by all elements of the nuclear field…is firmly embedded in the conventional wisdom. Reversal of this hallowed policy, particularly at this time, could well be the end of nuclear power. It would throw into question the continued operation of licensed plants…and would generally create more turmoil than I can stand thinking about.” Contained in a response by AEC Safety Head, Joseph Hendrie, September 25, 1972
GE 3 blow the whistle In 1976 Gregory C. Minor, Richard B. Hubbard, and Dale G. Bridenbaugh blew the whistle on safety problems with atomic reactors designed by General Electric. The three resigned from their jobs after becoming increasingly convinced that the atomicreactor design they were reviewing — the Mark 1 — was so flawed it could lead to a devastating accident.
Post-Chernobyl soul searching • In 1986, Harold Denton, then the NRC's top safety official, told an industry trade group that the "Mark I containment, especially being smaller with lower design pressure, in spite of the suppression pool, if you look at the WASH 1400 safety study, you'll find something like a 90% probability of that containment failing.”
Freeze Our Fukushimas There are 31 still operating GE Mark I and II BWRs in U.S.: Mark Is (23 units): Browns Ferry 1, 2 and 3, Decatur, AL -- Brunswick 1 & 2, Southport, NC – Cooper, Brownville, NE -- Dresden 2 & 3, Morris, IL -- Duane Arnold, Palo, IA --Edwin Hatch 1 & 2, Baxley, GA -- Fermi 2, Monroe, MI -- Hope Creek, Artificial Island, NJ – Fitzpatrick, Scriba, NY – Monticello, Monticello, MN -- Nine Mile Point Unit 1, Scriba, NY -- Oyster Creek, Lacey Township, NJ -- Peach Bottom 2 & 3, Delta, PA – Pilgrim, Plymouth, MA -- Quad Cities 1 & 2, Cordova, IL -- Vermont Yankee, Vernon, VT. Mark IIs (8 units): LaSalle 1 & 2, Ottawa, IL -- Nine Mile Point 2, Scriba, NY -- Limerick 1 & 2, Pottstown, PA -- Susquehanna 1 & 2, Salem Twp., PA -- Columbia Generating Station, Richland, WA.