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Chapter 7: The Axial Skeleton

What are the bones of the axial skeleton, their structures, and functions?. The Axial Skeleton. 3D Peel-Away of Whole Axial Skeleton. PLAY. . . Figure 7

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Chapter 7: The Axial Skeleton

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    1. Chapter 7: The Axial Skeleton

    3. The Axial Skeleton

    4. The Axial Skeleton

    5. The Axial Skeleton The axial skeleton: forms the longitudinal axis of the body has 80 bones

    6. Bones of the Axial Skeleton The skull: 8 cranial bones 14 facial bones

    7. Bones of the Axial Skeleton Bones associated with the skull: 6 auditory ossicles the hyoid bone

    8. Bones of the Axial Skeleton The vertebral column: 24 vertebrae the sacrum the coccyx

    9. Bones of the Axial Skeleton The thoracic cage: 24 ribs the sternum

    10. Functions of the Axial Skeleton Supports and protects organs in body cavities Attaches to muscles of: head, neck, and trunk respiration appendicular skeleton

    11. The Skull The skull protects: the brain entrances to respiratory system entrance to digestive system

    12. The Skull

    13. The Skull Has 22 bones: 8 cranial bones: form the braincase or cranium 14 facial bones: protect and support entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts

    14. Cranial Bones Enclose the cranial cavity Which contains the brain: and its fluids, blood vessels, nerves, and membranes

    15. Superficial Facial Bones Maxillary Nasal Zygomatic Mandible

    16. Sutures The immovable joints of the skull

    17. Sutures

    18. Sutures

    19. The 4 Major Sutures Lambdoid suture Coronal suture Sagittal suture

    20. Lambdoid Suture Separates occipital from parietal bones

    21. Coronal Suture Attaches frontal bone to parietal bones

    22. Sagittal Suture Between the parietal bones From lambdoid suture to coronal suture

    23. What are the bones of the cranium, and the significance of their markings?

    24. Cranial Bones The 8 cranial bones

    25. The Cranial Bones Occipital bone Frontal bone Sphenoid Parietal bones Temporal bones

    26. The Occipital Bone

    27. The Parietal Bones

    28. The Frontal Bone

    29. The Temporal Bones

    30. The Sphenoid

    31. What are the bones of the face, and the significance of their markings?

    32. The Maxillary Bones The largest facial bones

    33. Functions of the Maxillary Bones Support upper teeth Form inferior orbital rim Form lateral margins of external nares Form upper jaw and hard palate Contain maxillary sinuses (largest sinuses)

    34. The Mandible

    35. Functions of the Mandible Forms the lower jaw

    36. The Hyoid Bone

    37. Functions of the Hyoid Bone Supports the larynx Attaches muscles of the larynx, pharynx, and tongue

    38. What are the differences between the skulls of infants, children, and adults?

    39. The Infant Skull

    40. The Infant Skull Grows rapidly Is large compared to the body Has many ossification centers

    41. The Infant Skull Fusion is not complete at birth: 2 frontal bones 4 occipital bones several sphenoid and temporal elements

    42. Fontanels Are areas of fibrous connective tissue (soft spots) Cover unfused sutures in the infant skull Allow the skull to flex during birth

    43. What are the vertebral regions, the curvatures of the vertebral column, and their functions?

    44. The Vertebral Column The spine or vertebral column: protects the spinal cord supports the head and body

    45. Regions and Curves of the Vertebral Column 26 bones: 24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and coccyx

    46. Regions of the Vertebral Column Cervical (C) Thoracic (T) Lumbar (L) Sacral (S) Coccygeal (Co)

    47. Vertebrae of the Vertebral Column The neck: 7 cervical vertebrae The upper back: 12 thoracic vertebrae each articulate with one or more pairs of ribs The lower back: 5 lumbar vertebrae

    48. The Sacrum and Coccyx The 5th lumbar vertebra articulates with the sacrum The sacrum articulates with the coccyx

    49. 4 Curvatures of the Vertebral Column Cervical curve Thoracic curve Lumbar curve Sacral curve

    50. What are the structures and functions of each vertebral group?

    51. Intervertebral Discs Are pads of fibrocartilage Separate the vertebral bodies Absorb shocks

    52. Vertebral Regions

    53. Vertebral Regions Vertebrae are numbered: by region, from top to bottom C1 articulates with skull, L5 with sacrum Vertebrae of each region: have characteristics determined by functions

    54. The Cervical Vertebrae

    55. The Cervical Vertebrae

    56. Characteristics of Cervical Vertebrae (1 of 6) Cervical vertebrae (C1–C7): small body (support only head) large vertebral foramen (largest part of spinal cord) concave superior surface slopes posterior to anterior

    57. Characteristics of Cervical Vertebrae (2 of 6) C1 (atlas) has no spinous process All others have short spinous processes Tip of each spinous process is notched (bifid)

    58. Characteristics of Cervical Vertebrae (3 of 6) Transverse processes: are fused to costal processes which encircle transverse foramina (protect arteries and veins)

    59. Characteristics of Cervical Vertebrae (4 of 6) Atlas (C1): articulates with occiptal condyles of skull has no body or spinous process has a large, round foramen within anterior and posterior arches

    60. Characteristics of Cervical Vertebrae (5 of 6) Axis (C2): supports the atlas has heavy spinous process to attach muscles of head and neck Axis and atlas bodies fuse during development to form the dens

    61. Whiplash Whiplash: a traumatic dislocation of cervical vertebrae

    62. The Thoracic Vertebrae

    63. Characteristics of Thoracic Vertebrae (1 of 5) Thoracic vertebrae (T1–T12): have heart-shaped bodies larger bodies than in C1–C7 smaller vertebral foramen than in C1–C7 long, slender spinous processes

    64. The Lumbar Vertebrae

    65. The Lumbar Vertebrae

    66. Characteristics of Lumbar Vertebrae (1 of 3) Lumbar vertebrae (L1–L5): largest vertebrae oval-shaped bodies thicker bodies than T1–T12 no costal or transverse costal facets triangular vertebral foramen

    67. The Sacrum and Coccyx

    68. Characteristics of the Sacrum (1 of 10) The sacrum: is curved, more in males than in females protects reproductive, urinary, and digestive organs

    69. Characteristics of the Sacrum (2 of 10) Attaches: the axial skeleton to pelvic girdle of appendicular skeleton broad muscles that move the thigh

    70. Characteristics of the Sacrum (3 of 10) The adult sacrum: consists of 5 fused sacral vertebrae fuses between puberty and ages 25–30 leaving transverse lines

    71. Characteristics of the Coccyx (1 of 2) The coccyx: attaches ligaments and a constricting muscle of the anus Mature coccyx: consists of 3 to 5 fused coccygeal vertebrae

    72. What is the significance of articulations between ribs, thoracic vertebrae, and sternum?

    73. The Thoracic Cage The skeleton of the chest: supports the thoracic cavity Consists of: thoracic vertebrae ribs sternum (breastbone)

    74. The Rib Cage Formed of ribs and sternum

    75. Articulations of Ribs and Vertebrae

    76. Functions of the Thoracic Cage Protects organs of the thoracic cavity: heart, lungs, and thymus

    77. Functions of the Thoracic Cage Attaches muscles: for respiration of the vertebral column of the pectoral girdle of the upper limbs

    78. The Ribs

    79. Functions of Ribs Ribs: are flexible are mobile can absorb shock

    80. Functions of Ribs Rib movements (breathing): affect width and depth of thoracic cage changing its volume

    81. Ribs Ribs (costae): are 12 pairs of long, curved, flat bones extending from the thoracic vertebrae Ribs are divided into 2 types: true ribs false ribs

    82. True Ribs Ribs 1–7 (true ribs) vertebrosternal ribs connected to the sternum by costal cartilages

    83. False Ribs Ribs 8–12 (false ribs): do not attach directly to the sternum

    84. Types of False Ribs Vertebrochondral ribs (ribs 8–10): fuse together merge with cartilage before reaching the sternum Floating or vertebral ribs (ribs 11–12): connect only to the vertebrae have no connection with the sternum

    85. The Sternum The sternum: a flat bone in the midline of the thoracic wall

    86. 3 Parts of the Sternum The manubrium The sternal body The xiphoid process

    87. The Manubrium The manubrium: the superior portion of sternum broad, triangular shape articulates with collarbones (clavicles) articulates with cartilages of 1st rib pair has a jugular notch between clavicular articulations

    88. The Sternal Body The sternal body: is tongue-shaped attaches to the manubrium attaches to costal cartilages of ribs 2–7

    89. The Xiphoid Process The xiphoid process: is the smallest part of the sternum attaches to the sternal body attaches to diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscles

    90. Development of the Xiphoid The xiphoid process: is the last part of sternum to fuse can easily be broken away

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