1865-1917 Foreign Affairs

1. 1865-1917Foreign Affairs Imperialism

2. More interest in World Affairs • Need for new markets • Fear of need for more resources • American industries abroad…(lower wages= more $) • Growth of trade = an interest in World Affairs: • Some wanted colonies • Some wanted world power status • Some wanted to teach the American Way

3. Expansionism • Manifest Destiny still worked • Social Darwinism still applied • Now: White Man’s Burden too • Colonies would expand markets; stimulate U.S. trade • By 19th Century: Europe controlled 1/3 of the world • By WWII, 85%

4. Supporting Literature • Westward Expansion • Romance of the West • Wister, Twain • Scholarly: The Turner Thesis • Imperialism • Mahan The Influence of Sea Power Upon History: as our navy grows, so does the need for colonies as coaling stations

5. Expansion v Imperialism • Louisiana Purchase…….Alaska • Texas annexation…………..Hawaii • Mexican American War……Spanish-Am. War Both: Manifest Destiny & Social Darwinism

6. Alaska • 1867 William Seward (Seward’s Folly) • Purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.5 million • 2 cents an acre • Seal furs, gold, other minerals, oil, natural gas • Naval bases (later air bases) • 49th State

7. Conflict with Britain over Alaska • U.S. v Canadian seal hunters • Both agreed to arbitrate • U.S. Lost $500,000 in damages • Boundary agreement reached before 1898 gold was found • Much later int’l restrictions on seal hunting: U.S., Britain, Russia, Japan

8. Hawaii • Late 1700’s…was used by Americans as a stop for water and supplies • Later: missionaries, traders, shopkeepers • By mid 19th Century over ½ of native population had died (disease, firearms, liqueur) • By 1854 U.S. citizens in Hawaii only 5% of population but controlled most of the land • Others there: Chinese, Japanese, British, German, Portuguese

9. U.S. Agreement with Hawaii • Treaty of Reciprocity: • Hawaiian sugar to the U.S. duty free • U.S. could use Pearl Harbor as a naval base • Hawaii agreed not to yield its territory to other countries • Hawaiian economy tied to sugar exports • THEN…disaster!...McKinley Tariff

10. Hawaii continued • McKinley Tariff cost Islands $12 million • American planters in Hawaii passed the losses on to Hawaiian native laborers • 1891 Queen Liliuokalani challenged growing American control • Took power from King Kalakauna who allowed Americans to take the Island from Hawaiians

11. Hawaii continued • American planters wanted to be rid of the queen • 1893 A Revolution…caused by American planters pretended that it was a popular revolt • 1898 Leaders of the revolt asked U.S. to annex islands (If U.S. owned…no sugar tariff) • Cleveland saw through it and tried to restore the queen • McKinley agreed to annex the Islands

12. Other Pacific Islands • By 1900 U.S. had acquired over 50 Pacific Islands • 1867 Midway • 1898 Wake • 1878 Samoa…3000 miles south of Hawaii • 1889 Pago Pago: Samoan harbor was shared in a tripartite with Germany and Britain • By 1899 U.S. and Germany bought Brits out

13. China • By 1790’s U.S. had established trade with China • Missionaries, Schools, hospitals, friendly • 1844 Treaty of Wanghia: Americans enjoyed special trading privileges • Soon, so did everyone else • Other countries encroaching on Chinese Territory…formed Spheres of Influence

14. China continued • China could not defend itself • Britain in Hong Kong • French in Indochina • Russia and Japan in Manchuria • Also others in China: Portuguese, Germany, etc • U.S. concerned about trade

15. China continued • Chinese to U.S. to build Railroads • 1868 Anson-Burlingame Treaty: to aid in moving Chinese RR workers to come to U.S. • 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act: No more Chinese immigrants to U.S. and the Chinese already in U.S. could not become naturalized citizens

16. China continued • 1894 Japan made war on China • Took Formosa • Demanded Korea’s independence • Other countries expanded spheres • U.S. alarmed (trade) • John Hay (McKinley’s Sec of State) issued Open Door Notes: Asked all countries involved in China to respect Chinese Territorial integrity: the Open Door Policy…ignored

17. China • Note: The Open Door Policy was a revolutionary departure from traditional U.S. isolationist policy • 1901 Boxer Rebellion: Young Chinese formed a secret underground society “the Boxers” committed to ousting foreigners. • Killed hundreds of foreigners, destroyed much foreign-owned property

18. Boxer Rebellion • 900 foreigners held out waiting for rescue for 7 weeks • Herbert Hoover (American self-made millionaire in China working on a dam project. He was an engineer) • International military force who had citizens in China invaded and defeated the Boxers • All but U.S. demanded reparations from Chinese government

19. Japan • Historically shut off from the rest of the world • Isolationist: allowed only one Dutch per year to trade • Emperor did not allow citizens to leave islands • American wanted trade, Supplies, Fresh water • 1854 President Fillmore sent Commodore Perry to Japan with guns and gifts to convince Japan to open its ports

20. Japan continued • Other countries did the same • Japan immediately modernized its navy • Had no natural resources • Went after China (Manchuria…clashed with Russia). • War with China 1894 • War with Russia 1904-05 • 1905 Japan defeated Russian Fleet!

21. Japan continued • Treaty of Portsmouth • Negotiated by TR…later Nobel Peace Prize • Japan wanted: Korea, Russian Sphere of influence in China, Sakhalin Island and $ • Japan got only Korea and Russian sphere of influence • Japan Angry…Anti-American riots in Tokyo • American Press “Yellow Peril” • San Francisco: segregated Japanese children in schools

22. Japan continued • With TR: 1907 Gentlemen’s Agreement • U.S. would stop segregating Japanese-American students if Japan would stop Japanese from coming to U.S. • 1908 Root-Takahira Agreement: the U.S. and Japan agreed to stay out of each others’ influence in China

23. Taft in China • Violated the Root-Takahira Agreement • Agreed to participate with other nations to build a RR across China • Japan responded with a surprise: Treaty with Russia • U.S. backed out of RR thing • Dollar Diplomacy: Taft: the U.S. would use political (military) influence to protect American investments overseas

24. The Hague 1899 and 1907 • Diplomats from numerous nations agreed to discuss means to a lasting peace: • Spend $ on food, not weapons • Encourage arbitration to settle disputes • Rules of civilized warfare Note: These were diplomats, not necessarily heads of state (Germany and Japan and Italy lacked natural resources and colonies)

25. Africa • 1904 U.S. citizen and wife were held for ransom by a Moroccan bandit! Razuli • France and Germany both in Morocco • To avoid U.S presence there, Morocco paid the ransom • Treaty of Algeciras: TR mediated a dispute between Germany and France in Morocco