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VLSI Testing engr.uconn/~tehrani/teaching/test/index.html

VLSI Testing http://www.engr.uconn.edu/~tehrani/teaching/test/index.html. Objective. Need to understand Types of tests performed at different stages Verification Testing Manufacturing Testing Acceptance testing Automatic Test Equipment (ATE) technology Influences what tests are possible

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VLSI Testing engr.uconn/~tehrani/teaching/test/index.html

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  1. VLSI Testinghttp://www.engr.uconn.edu/~tehrani/teaching/test/index.html

  2. Objective • Need to understand • Types of tests performed at different stages • Verification Testing • Manufacturing Testing • Acceptance testing • Automatic Test Equipment (ATE)technology • Influences what tests are possible • Measurement limitations • Impact on cost • Parametric test

  3. Types of Testing • Testing principle • Apply inputs and compare “outputs” with the “expected outputs” • Verification testing, or design debug • Verifies correctness of design and of test procedure • usually requires correction to design • Characterization testing • Used to characterize devices and performed through production life to improve the process • Manufacturing testing • Factory testing of all manufactured chips for parametric faults and for random defects • Acceptance testing (incoming inspection) • User (customer) tests purchased parts to ensure quality

  4. Testing Principle

  5. Verification Testing • Ferociously expensive • Often a software approach • But, may comprise: • Scanning Electron Microscope tests • Bright-Lite detection of defects • Electron beam testing • Artificial intelligence (expert system) methods • Repeated functional tests

  6. Manufacturing Test (Also called production test) • Determines if manufactured chip meets specs • Must cover high % of modeled faults • Must minimize test time (to control cost) • No fault diagnosis • Tests every device on chip • Tests are functional or at speed of application or speed guaranteed by supplier

  7. Burn-in or Stress Test • Process: • Subject chips to high temperature & over-voltage supply, while running production tests • Catches: • Infant mortality cases – these are damaged chips that will fail in the first 2 days of operation – causes bad devices to actually fail before chips are shipped to customers • Freak failures – devices having same failure mechanisms as reliable devices

  8. Sub-types of Tests • Parametric Tests: • measures electrical properties of pin electronics – delay, voltages, currents, etc. – fast and cheap. • Functional Tests: • used to cover very high % of modeled faults – test every transistor and wire in digital circuits – long and expensive. • the focus of this ECE 300 and today’s lecture

  9. Two Different Meanings of Functional Test • ATE and Manufacturing World • any vectors applied to cover high % of faults during manufacturing test • Automatic Test-Pattern Generation World • testing with verification vectors or vectors generated without structural information, which determine whether hardware matches its specification – typically have low fault coverage (< 70 %)

  10. Automatic Test Equipment (ATE) ADVANTEST Model T6682 ATE

  11. T6682 ATE Block Diagram

  12. T6682 ATE Specifications • Uses 0.35 mm VLSI chips in implementation • 1024 pin channels • Speed: 250, 500, or 1000 MHz • Timing accuracy: +/- 200 ps • Drive voltage: -2.5 to 6 V • Clock/strobe accuracy: +/- 870 ps • Clock settling resolution: 31.25 ps • Pattern multiplexing: • write 2 patterns in one ATE cycle

  13. Electrical Parametric Testing Typical tests: DC parametric test • Probe test (wafer sort) – catches gross defects • Contact, power, open, short tests • Functional & layout-related test AC parametric test • Unacceptable voltage/current/delay at pin • Unacceptable device operation limits

  14. Economics of Design for Testability (DFT) • Consider life-cycle cost; DFT on chip may impact the costs at board and system levels. • Weigh costs against benefits • Cost examples: reduced yield due to area overhead, yield loss due to non-functional tests • Benefit examples: Reduced ATE cost due to self-test, inexpensive alternatives to burn-in test, improved fault coverage

  15. Benefits and Costs of DFT Design and test + / - + / - + / - Diagnosis and repair - - Fabri- cation + + + Manuf. Test - - - Maintenance test - Service interruption - Level Chips Boards System + Cost increase - Cost saving +/- Cost increase may balance cost reduction

  16. VLSI Chip Yield • A manufacturing defect is a finite chip area with electrically malfunctioning circuitry caused by errors in the fabrication process. • A chip with no manufacturing defect is called a good chip. • Fraction (or percentage) of good chips produced in a manufacturing process is called the yield. Yield is denoted by symbol Y. • Cost of a chip: Cost of fabricating and testing a wafer -------------------------------------------------------------------- Yield x Number of chip sites on the wafer

  17. VLSI Defects Good chips Faulty chips Defects Wafer Clustered defects (VLSI) Wafer yield = 17/22 = 0.77 Unclustered defects Wafer yield = 12/22 = 0.55

  18. Fault Modeling • Models are often easier to work with • Models are portable • Models can be used for simulation, thus avoiding expensive hardware/actual circuit implementation • Nearly all engineering systems are studied using models • All the above apply for logic as well as for fault modeling

  19. Why Model Faults? • I/O function tests inadequate for manufacturing (functionality versus component and interconnect testing) • Real defects (often mechanical) too numerous and often not analyzable • A fault model identifies targets for testing • A fault model makes analysis possible • Effectiveness measurable by experiments

  20. Some Real Defects in Chips • Processing defects • Missing contact windows • Parasitic transistors • Oxide breakdown • . . . • Material defects • Bulk defects (cracks, crystal imperfections) • Surface impurities (ion migration) • . . . • Time-dependent failures (Age defects) • Dielectric breakdown • Electromigration • . . . • Packaging failures • Contact degradation • Seal leaks • . . . Ref.: M. J. Howes and D. V. Morgan, Reliability and Degradation - Semiconductor Devices and Circuits, Wiley, 1981.

  21. Defect, Fault, and Error • Defect (imperfection in hardware): • A defect in an electronic system is the unintended difference between the implemented hardware and its intended design. • Error: • A wrong output signal produced by a defective system is called an error. An error is an “effect” whose cause is some “defect”. • Fault (imperfection in function): • A representation of a “defect” at the abstracted function level is called a fault.

  22. Observed PCB Defects Occurrence frequency (%) 51 1 6 13 6 8 5 5 5 Defect classes Shorts Opens Missing components Wrong components Reversed components Bent leads Analog specifications Digital logic Performance (timing) Ref.: J. Bateson, In-Circuit Testing, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1985.

  23. Common Fault Models • Single stuck-at faults • Transistor open and short faults • Memory faults • PLA faults (stuck-at, cross-point, bridging) • Functional faults (processors) • Delay faults (transition, path) • Analog faults

  24. Single Stuck-at Fault • Three properties define a single stuck-at fault • Only one line is faulty • The faulty line is permanently set to 0 or 1 • The fault can be at an input or output of a gate • Example: XOR circuit has 12 fault sites ( ) and 24 single stuck-at faults Faulty circuit value Good circuit value j c 0(1) s-a-0 d a 1(0) g h 1 z i 0 1 e b 1 k f Test vector for h s-a-0 fault

  25. Single Stuck-at Faults (contd.) • How effective is this model? • Empirical evidence supports the use of this model • Has been found to be effective to detect other types of faults • Relates to yield modeling • Simple to use

  26. Why Not Multiple Stuck-at Faults • In general, several stuck-at faults can be simultaneously present in the circuit. • A circuit with n lines can have 3n-1 possible stuck line combinations. • There are three states: s-a-1, s-a-0, and fault-free • Even a moderate value n will give an enormously large number of multiple stuck-at faults. • It’s a common practice to model only single stuck-at faults. • A n-line circuit can have at most 2n single stuck-at faults. • This number is further reduced by techniques known as Fault Collapsing.

  27. Checkpoints • Primary inputs and fanout branches of a combinational circuit are called checkpoints. • Checkpoint theorem: A test set that detects all single (multiple) stuck-at faults on all checkpoints of a combinational circuit, also detects all single (multiple) stuck-at faults in that circuit. Total fault sites = 16 Checkpoints ( ) = 10

  28. Fault Simulator in a VLSI Design Process Verification input stimuli Verified design netlist Fault simulator Test vectors Modeled fault list Test compactor Remove tested faults Delete vectors Low Fault coverage ? Test generator Add vectors Adequate Stop

  29. Example c a e d f b HA D A Carry HA1 F E B HA2 Sum C Half-Adder Full-Adder

  30. Example C0 S0 FA0 A0 B0 C1 S1 FA1 A1 B1 C2 S2 FA2 A2 B2 C3 S3 FA3 A3 C3 B3

  31. Fault Simulation Results 4-bit FA: 36 logic gates, 9 PIs, 5POs, 186 single stuck-at faults.

  32. Fault Simulation Algorithms • Serial • Parallel • Deductive • Concurrent • Others • Differential • Parallel pattern • etc.

  33. Combinational ATPG • Structural vs. functional test • Definitions • Completeness • Conditions for finding a test • Algebras • Types of Algorithms – classical • Complexity

  34. Functional vs. Structural ATPG 64-bit ripple-carry adder

  35. Carry Circuit

  36. Functional vs. Structural (Contd.) • Functional ATPG – generate complete set of tests for circuit input-output combinations • 129 inputs, 65 outputs: • 2129 = 680,564,733,841,876,926,926,749, 214,863,536,422,912 patterns • Using 1 GHz ATE, would take 2.15 x 1022 years • Structural test: • No redundant adder hardware, 64 bit slices • Each with 27 faults (using fault equivalence) • At most 64 x 27 = 1728 faults (tests) • Takes 0.000001728 s on 1 GHz ATE • Designer gives small set of functional tests – augment with structural tests to boost coverage to 98+ %

  37. History of Algorithm Speedups Algorithm D-ALG PODEM FAN TOPS SOCRATES Waicukauski et al. EST TRAN Recursive learning Tafertshofer et al. Est. speedup over D-ALG (normalized to D-ALG time) 1 7 23 292 1574 ATPG System 2189 ATPG System 8765 ATPG System 3005 ATPG System 485 25057 Year 1966 1981 1983 1987 1988 1990 1991 1993 1995 1997

  38. Fault Coverage and Efficiency Fault coverage = Fault efficiency # of detected faults Total # faults # of detected faults Total # faults -- # undetectable faults =

  39. ATPG Systems Test Patterns Circuit Description Fault List Compacter Aborted Faults Redundant Faults Undetected Faults Backtrack Distribution Test generator With fault simulation

  40. Sequential Circuit ATPG • A sequential circuit has memory in addition to combinational logic. • Test for a fault in a sequential circuit is a sequence of vectors, which • Initializes the circuit to a known state • Activates the fault, and • Propagates the fault effect to a primary output

  41. Methods • Methods • Time-frame expansion methods • Forward time, reverse time, forward and reverse time • Simulation-based methods

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