In this presentation you will: Identify major bones of the body

1. ClassAct SRS enabled. • In this presentation you will: • Identify major bones of the body • Identify the structure and composition of bone • Identify different joint types

2. The human skeleton is made up of bone and cartilage. These tissues make up what is known as an ‘endoskeleton’, that is, a skeleton that grows inside the body. It grows steadily with the body and adapts to the requirements of the body at different stages of life. In this presentation you will discover the basic functions of your skeleton. You will see the structure of the different bones and joints that make up your skeleton. Next >

3. The Skeleton Your skeleton has 4 basic functions. Protection: It provides protection to the soft organs of the body. Support: It works with the muscles to provide support so the body can maintain its shape. Movement: It works with the muscles to provide movement. Blood: The bone marrow of certain bones produce blood cells. Next >

4. The Skeleton Humans have endoskeletons. This means that the skeleton is located inside the body. A mature human skeleton is made up of 206 bones. It is divided into the: • Axial Skeleton • Appendicular Skeleton Next >

5. Types of Bones The bones that make up the skeleton are varied. There are 4 groups. Long bones: These are longer than they are thick. Short bones: These are small and allow large freedom of movement. Flat bones: These have a large surface area for muscle attachment. Irregular bones: These have complex shapes and specialized functions. Next >

6. Cranium Clavicle Skull Pectoral girdle Mandible Scapular Sternum Vertebra Rib cage Vertebral column Ribs Sacrum Coccyx Humerus Radius Arm Ulna Femur Hand Patella Leg Tibia Hip bone Pelvic girdle Fibula Pubis Foot Bones of the Skeleton Parts of the skeleton are divided into sections. Next >

7. Question 1 What long bone is shown in the picture? A) Femur B) Vertebrae C) Clavicle D) Sternum

8. Question 2 The radius and ulna are bones of the . . . A) . . . leg B) . . . rib cage C) . . . arm D) . . . pelvis

9. Question 3 This picture shows the axial skeleton highlighted in red. Answer True or False.

10. Spongy bone Bone marrow Compact bone A cross section of the upper section of a femur. Bone Structure Bone has 2 forms: • Dense and heavy compact bone. • Light spongy bone. Together these help to make bone light and strong. Spongy bone and the spaces inside some bones are filled with bone marrow. Yellow marrow stores fat. Red marrow makes blood cells. Bone marrow is found in the spine, sternum, collar bone, skull, humerus, and femur. Next >

11. Matrix Osteon Spongy bone Compact bone Nerve Blood vessel Haversian canal Compact Bone Compact bone is denser than spongy bone. It is made up of tiny cylinders called osteons. Each osteon consists of tubes of bone matrix that are arranged in layers one inside the next. At the center of the osteon is the haversian canal that contains blood vessels and nerves. Osteons give compact bone the strength to resist being twisted and stretched. Next >

12. Spaces Trabeculae Spongy Bone Spongy bone combines lightness and strength. It has tiny spaces and narrow supporting branches that are called trabeculae. Trabeculae make spongy bone light. A cross section of the head of a femur. They are arranged to provide maximum resistance to pressure and stress. Next >

13. Bone cell Bone matrix Bone Matrix Bone contains cells that live in the matrix. These cells work together to keep the bone healthy. Bone matrix is what gives bone its color. It has 2 main ingredients. Calcium phosphate: A mineral salt which makes bone hard. Collagen: A protein which gives bone flexibility and strength to resist stretching and twisting. Next >

14. Canaliculi Osteocyte Lacuna Bone matrix Osteocytes Osteocytes keep bone in good condition and live isolated inside spaces in the bone called lacunas. Osteocytes can communicate with each other via threads in the bone matrix called canaliculi. There are 2 other types of bone cells called osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts live in the bone. They build bone by secreting new matrix. Osteoclasts are made in the bone marrow and remove old bone matrix. Next >

15. Spongy bone formation in the lines of load bearing Osteoclasts and Bone Strength Osteoclasts absorb bone matrix and this activity enables bones to adapt to meet the stresses and strains they are subjected to. When bones are put under stress piezoelectric currents run through them. These currents stimulate the formation of bone tissue in the lines of load bearing. This means that bone tissue is formed where it is needed and absorbed where it is not. A cross section of the head section of a femur. Next >

16. 1 2 3 Question 4 This picture shows a cross section of the upper section of a femur. Which label represents the spongy bone? Enter your answer and press Send.

17. 1 2 3 Question 5 This picture shows the head of a femur. Which label represents the compact bone? Enter your answer and press Send.

18. Question 6 Trabeculae is present in spongy bone. Answer True or False.

19. Least Movement Most Joints The points where bones meet are called joints. Joints can allow bones to move. The following types allow different degrees of movement: No movement • Fixed: Skull and pelvis. • Sliding: Wrist and ankle • Hinge: Elbow, finger, knee and toe. • Swivel: Neck • Saddle: Thumb • Ball and Socket: Shoulder and hip Next >

20. Humerus Ligament Fat Synovial Fluid Synovial membrane Cartilage Ulna Synovial Joints Most Joints are synovial joints. Here is the elbow joint. Synovial joints contain cartilage and synovial fluid that allows the bones to move easily. All synovial joints have the same basic structure, but differ in shape. Next >

21. Femur Muscle Patella Tendon Ligament Tibia Fibula Joint Structure To enable controlled movement of joints, muscles need to be attached to the bones. Here is a model of a knee joint. Ligaments hold the bones in position Tendons on either side of the joint attach muscles to the bone. This arrangement supports the skeleton and provides attachment for muscles, making movement easy and pain free. Next >

22. Question 7 Which picture represents a sliding joint? A)   B)   C)   D)  

23. Question 8 Where on the body is a ball and socket joint found? A) Shoulder B) Ankle C) Thumb D) Elbow

24. Question 9 Which picture represents a saddle joint? A)   B)   C)   D)  

25. Summary After completing this presentation you should be able to: • Identify major bones of the body • Identify the structure and composition of bone • Identify different joint types End >