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Pruning

Pruning. Plant Material maintenance. Pruning. Both an art and a science. Principle of apical dominance. A naturally occurring plant hormone IAA is produced by the terminal (apical) bud. High concentrations of IAA inhibit the growth of lateral buds.

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Pruning

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  1. Pruning Plant Material maintenance

  2. Pruning Both an art and a science.

  3. Principle of apical dominance A naturally occurring plant hormone IAA is produced by the terminal (apical) bud. High concentrations of IAA inhibit the growth of lateral buds. Removing the terminal bud during pruning removes the source of IAA. As the concentration of IAA in the stem decreases lateral buds “break” and push new growth.

  4. Terminal Bud Terminal Bud

  5. Bud break on Vitis

  6. Pruning Objectives Reducing the potential for tree or branch failure. Providing clearance. Reducing shade and wind resistance. Maintaining health and structure. Flower or fruit production. Improving visibility. Aesthetics.

  7. Tree failure

  8. Pruning for power line clearance

  9. Pruning to reduce wind resistance

  10. The 3-D’s of pruning to maintain tree health and structure Dead Diseased Dysfunctional

  11. A few examples of dysfunctional branches A. Suckers. B. Stubs or broken branches. C. Downward-growing branches. D. Rubbing or criss- crossing branches. E. Shaded interior branches. F. Competing leaders. G. Narrow crotches. H. Whorls.

  12. The desired outcome: a central leader with well-spaced scaffold (lateral) branches

  13. Dormant pruning fruit trees

  14. Espaliered apple trees

  15. Espaliered apple tree trained to grow on the side a house

  16. Pruning for improved visibility

  17. Topiary: An example of pruning for aesthetics

  18. An espaliered Ginkgo tree

  19. Pruning annual and herbaceous perennial plants

  20. Pinching Using your fingers to remove terminal shoot growth.

  21. Deadheading Removing “spent” flowers.

  22. Pruning trees and shrubs

  23. Some important pruning terminology: Branch collar Branch bark ridge Codominant stems Included bark

  24. The collar is formed by overlapping branch and trunk wood. Inside the collar on most trees is a unique barrier called the “branch protection zone”. This zone has chemical and physical properties that retard the spread of decay into the trunk. The presence of a branch collar is a sign of strong branch attachment. Branch collar

  25. A raised area of bark tissue found at the union of a branch and stem. Branch bark ridge

  26. Two stems with nearly the same diameter originating from the same union. Codominant stems do not form a branch collar and lack a branch protection zone. Codominant stems

  27. Included bark is bark that has been pinched or embedded between two stems or between a branch and trunk. It is an indication of a weak branch union. Included bark

  28. More on the “branch protection zone”… From work first done by Dr. Alex Shigo. CODIT Trees don’t heal, they seal!

  29. The anatomy of a 3-year old tree stem

  30. Branch Protection Zone • Found in the intact branch collar • Chemical changes in the cells seal-off or “compartmentalize” the wounded area

  31. Wound healing will always be more successful when the cut is made at a branch collar.

  32. Types of pruning cuts Reduction cut Removal cut Heading cut

  33. A reduction cut reduces the length of a branch or stem back to a live lateral branch large enough to assume apical dominance – this is at least 1/3 the diameter of the cut stem. Reduction cut

  34. Making a reduction cut in the right place

  35. A removal cut removes a branch from the trunk or parent branch and is made to a branch collar. Removal cut

  36. Making a removal cut in the right place

  37. Use the 3-step pruning cut for larger branches 1 2 3 Use for branches that are too big to support with your hand Reduces weight of branch before final cut. 1st cut- up from bottom, 6”-12” out 2nd cut-down from top, outside 1st cut 3rd cut- final cut. Near trunk, leaving branch collar intact.

  38. See what happens when you don’t use the 3-step cut…

  39. A heading cut also reduces the length of a stem or branch. The cut may be made to a predetermined length or back to a bud. Heading cut

  40. When to prune trees? Remove dead and diseased branches at any time. Live branches are best pruned during the dormant season. A light pruning, removing 10% or less of the foliage, can be performed safely on most species at any time. It is not advised to prune oaks during the growing season.

  41. Shearing

  42. Informal Barberry hedge

  43. Informal ArrowwoodViburnum hedge

  44. Shearing involves removing several inches of the current seasons growth flush. Shearing is used to create and maintain formal hedges or shape plants. This formal hedge is maintained by shearing

  45. Shearing Boxwood before shearing Boxwood after shearing

  46. Proper hedge shape: it’s all about light

  47. Manual or gas-powered hedge shears Manual Gas-powered

  48. Renovation pruning of shrubs

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