America and the WOrld

1. 1920-1945 America and the WOrld Danielle Garceau Unit 10; Chapters 27 & 28

2. Retreat from Progressivism • The Harding Administration (1921-1923): laissez faire government; return to “normalcy” • The “Ohio Gang”: group of men loyal to Harding appointed to powerful government positions; abused power • Teapot Dome Scandal (1922): accepted bribes to lease out petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome to large, private oil companies • Bonus Bill Veto (1922): Harding claimed balancing the budget takes precedence over the nation's debt to veterans of WW1 • The Coolidge Administration (1923-1929): laissez faire and isolation from foreign conflicts; felt he was unfit to run the country • The Hoover Administration (1929-1933): isolationism; worked towards bettering the people during the Depression • Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930): raised tariffs on imported goods to a record high; cut American imports and exports by more than a half • Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945): brought faith, courage, and confidence through his terms (showed personal adversity by his polio) olitical

3. Urbanism v. Suburbanism • Urbanism: consumerism and modernization in cities • Suburbanism: resisted annexation to the cities • Materialism and Consumerism: people using money more for pleasure rather than for need; due to technological breakthroughs (commercial travel, radio, adverstisments) (Urbanism) • Garveyism: black nationalism • African-Americans should take pride in their own achievements and to develop an awareness of their African heritage – reject white assimilation • Red Scare: fear of communism in the United States due to the growing Soviet Union and communism in the world • Led to violence and arrests of innocents – Palmer Raids • Convicted and arrested (possibly killed) if suspected of communism deological/intellectual

4. The Harlem Renaissance: black culture of literature and art • Langston Hughes • Coming of the Jazz Age: new carefree, primarily black popular culture eligion rtistic • Retreat from formal religion – began going out and expanding boundaries of values (Flappers) • KKK: terrorized all non-Protestants • Great Migration: African-Americans moved into cities due to lack of jobs and discrimination

5. New home appliances to reduce servants and women can take care of the household on their own • New military technology by the National Defense Research Committee: • Development of sonar and radar capabilities (the centimetric radar) • 4-engine bombers that could last longer that German ones • Gee navigation system: helped plot exact locations – doubled bombing accuracy rate • Enigma machine: constantly changed coding systems to prevent information from being deciphered. • American Magic Operation (1941): device called “Purple” that would break Japanese coding system • Ultra project: intelligence gathering • The Manhattan Project (1942-46): developed the atomic bomb echnology

6. African-Americans gained new job opportunities and could enlist in the army; still endured heavy discrimination (Detroit Race Riots of 1943) • Fair Employment Practices Commission created to investigate and make right labor discrimination ocial • Native Americans assimilated to white culture • Left reservations to work in factories or become “code talkers” for the military (Navajo code) • Mexican-Americans moved to work in factories where there was a labor shortage; tensions • Zoo-Suit Riots (LA 1943): white servicemen attacked Mexican-American servicemen (grew to growing tensions) because of their unpatriotic “zoo-suits” • Women gained more job opportunities • Rosie the Riveter: cultural icon that represented the American women who worked in factories during World War II • Became romanticized by men at war – pinups (Betty Grable) • Teens began dropping out of school to get jobs or enroll in the military (1/3) • Increased prosperity led to more attendance at movies, dance halls, and casinos and more circulation of magazines and newspapers

7. Coronado Coal Co. v. United Mine Workers (1922): striking unions were deemed in restraint of trade • More to promote the economy than the workers’ rights • Maple Floor Association v. US (1929): Anti-union groups were ruled not to be in restraint of trade • *Government returned to pro-business Upreme court cases eople • Increase in African-Americans’ and women’s rights activity • Women began becoming more individualized • Flappers: individual and assertive women who were more scandelous than tradition (in cities); short hair, short skirts, smoked, drank, more open about sex, etc.

8. 1922: The Washington Conference: goal was naval disarmament and to settle the Asia conflict • 5-Power Pact: established limits on naval battleships by nation and power (US & GB:5, Japan:3, FR & Italy: 1.67), Japan got US and GB guarantee that they would stop fortifying their Far East territories • Loophole: no mention on small warships • 1924: Dawes/Young Plan: new financial system; US loans → Germany to pay debt from WW1→ GB & France to pay debt → US • Also lowered payments and extended the amount of time they’ll have to pay back ($26.3 billion in 58.5 years) • 1925: Locarno Pact: guaranteed Germany’s western boundaries as specified at Versailles 1919 • 1928: Clark Memorandum : US would not intervene in Latin American affairs to protect US property rights • 1928: Kellogg-Briand Pact: outlawed war as an instrument of national policy – no way to enforce • 1931: Hoover declares debt moratorium • 1931: Japan attacks Manchuria, China and leaves the League of nations Oreign (Timeline)

9. 1932: Hoover-Stimson Doctrine: US would not recognize any territorial acquisitions gained by force • Led to Japanese 1932 bombing of Shanghai • 1933: FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy: attempt to create cooperation with Latin America non-violently and by non-intervention • 1933: US recognizes the Soviet Union • In order to gain Soviet Union on their side of the war against Japan • 1934-36: Nye Committee Hearings: discovered that big businesses tricked Wilson into entering WW1 in order to protect their international interests • 1935: Hitler denounced Versailles and League of Nations; Mussolini attacks Ethiopia • 1936: Germany arms Rhineland, Fascists v. Communists in Spanish Civil War • Neutrality Acts of 1935, 36, and 37 • Prohibited sales of arms, loans, credit, and travel to belligerent nations • Cash-and-Carry: nations not in war could trade with US but had to pay in cash and carry the goods on their own ships Oreign (timeline)

10. 1937: Panay Incident: Japanese bombed USS Panay on the Yangtze R. to test US resolve • Japanese apologized, gave US money, and promised no further attacks – US accepted due to isolationism • 1938: AXIS created (Italy, Germany, Japan); Munich Agreement (GB, France, Hitler): Hitler can take the part of Czechoslovakia he wants, but it will be the very last land taken & no more aggression • 1939: Germany takes all of Czechoslovakia; Sept. 1st march into Poland – Turning Point for US, start of WW1 • 1939: US begins the Manhattan Project • Neutrality Act of 1939: Aggressors could not send ships to buy US munitions, but would supply other countries – made jobs • US becomes “Arsenal of Democracy” • 1940: “America First” Committee created (Charles Lindbergh): isolationism; put America first • 1940: German ‘Blitzkrieg’ (lightning war – enormous power) in Belgium, Holland, and France • 1940: British victory in Battle of Britain forces Hitler to postpone invasion plans • 1st battle by German air; first major German defeat Oreign (timeline)

11. 1941: Lend-Lease Act: will lend to countries in need of supplies; US would receive lease of land from countries it helped • FDR restricted trade of goods and oil to Japan • Japan had to either expand or give into US demands • 1941: Atlantic Conference (GB & US): to decide postwar goals; started being called the United Nations • 1941: Japan bombs Pearl Harbor; US enters the war • 1942: Battle of Stalingrad begins(Russia, months without supplies and many casualties) and El Alamein (Egypt, first appearance by US – German victory) • 1942: Battle of Midway; changing point in Pacific War – US begins Guadalcanal campaign and “Island Hopping” strategy • 1942: Mass murdering of Jews at Auschwitz begins • 1943: German surrender at Stalingrad – first major defeat • 1943: Allied victory in North Africa (Patton and Montgomery) • 1943: Tehran Conference (FDR, Churchill, Stalin): to finalize plans to open 2nd front in Europe • 1943: US victory in Guadalcanal campaign and goes on offensive Oreign (Timeline)

12. June 6, 1944: D Day: Allied invasion of France – liberation of Paris 1944: Battle of the Bulge: Germans try to surprise Allies – failed 1944: Guam and Philippines liberated, US bombs Iwo Jima, decimates Japanese Navy at Leyte Gulf 1945: Yalta Conference: final plans to defeat Germany and plan post-war Europe 1945: Auschwitz liberated by Soviet Troops April 30, 1945: Hitler commits suicide May 8, 1945: V-E Day: German full surrender 1945: Potsdam Conference (Truman, Atlee, Stalin): plan action on Japan and post-war Germany August 6, 1945: atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima August 8, 1945: atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki August 14, 1945: Japanese surrenders September 2, 1945: V-J Day: Japanese makes surrender official, end of WW2. Oreign (Timeline)