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The Gaelic world c.1500-c.1625

The Gaelic world c.1500-c.1625. Gabriel Glickman. Changing relations within the Atlantic Archipelago 1500-1625 – key factors. English and Scottish monarchs aim to centralise their kingdoms. Conclusion of Anglo-Scottish rivalry with union of crowns, 1603.

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The Gaelic world c.1500-c.1625

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  1. The Gaelic world c.1500-c.1625 Gabriel Glickman

  2. Changing relations within the Atlantic Archipelago 1500-1625 – key factors • English and Scottish monarchs aim to centralise their kingdoms. • Conclusion of Anglo-Scottish rivalry with union of crowns, 1603. • Impact of European Reformation/ Counter-Reformation. • Ambitions of rival monarchs in Europe.

  3. The Gaelic world c. 1500-1625 –principle themes: • Gaelic world dynamic - not just a reactive or defensive culture. • Gaelic world connecting Ireland and Scotland shows limits of formal national borders as determinant of identity. • Gaels provide force for instability – disrupt goals of English and Scottish monarchs. • But – Gaelic world starting to fragment due to development of different religious identities.

  4. Irish cultural and political divisions c. 1450-1500

  5. Scotland – clan territories

  6. Gaelic cultural links - Celtic crosses:Islay (left), Clonmancoise (right)

  7. Scottish ‘gallowglass’ mercenaries1521 depiction by Albrecht Durer

  8. Scottish and English monarchs and the Gaelic world • Scottish monarchs seek to centralise kingdom 1493-1625: eradicate Gaelic political institutions and impose English language. • But also try to co-opt loyal clans into their service e.g. Campbells, Gordons, Mackenzies. • English monarchs in Ireland want to use Gaels as allies against Anglo-Norman barons. • Relationship with the O’Neills collapses due to the Ulster plantations, but alliances secured with O’Briens of Thomond and MacDonnells of Antrim.

  9. Glenarm Castle, seat of the MacDonnells of Antrim

  10. Randal MacDonnell (1609-1682), second earl and first marquis of Antrim

  11. The Gaelic world and the Reformation • Protestantism brought into the Scottish Highlands esp. after conversion of the Campbell earl of Argyll in 1550s. • Protestant literature printed in Gaelic. • Catholicism strengthened in Gaelic Ireland in opposition to English rule – Irish clans becoming part of the militant, modernising Counter-Reformation. • Irish Gaels united with ‘Old English’ in common Catholic, Irish identity: united against English Crown.

  12. Irish exiled seminaries – unite Gaelic and ‘Old English’ students: united as Irishmen and as Catholics • Salamanca (1583) • Madrid (1587) • Douai (1603) • Paris (1605) • Louvain (1607) • Rome (1625) • Prague (1631)

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