Chapter 1

1. Chapter 1

2. Passive Components Welcome to the Principles of Electric Circuits. You will study important ideas that are used in electronics. You may already be familiar with a few of the important parts used in electronic circuits. Resistors are introduced in Chapter 2. • Resistors

3. Passive Components Capacitors will be introduced in Chapter 12. • Capacitors

4. Passive Components Inductors will be introduced in Chapter 13. • Inductors

5. Passive Components Transformers will be introduced in Chapter 14. • Transformers

6. Active Components Passive components are used in conjunction with active components to form an electronic system. Active components will be the subject of future courses. • Transistors • Integrated Circuits

7. SI Fundamental Units Quantity Unit Symbol Length Meter m Kilogram kg Second s Ampere A Kelvin K Candela cd Mole mol Mass Time Electric current Temperature Luminous intensity Amount of substance

8. Some Important Electrical Units Except for current, all electrical and magnetic units are derived from the fundamental units. Current is a fundamental unit. Quantity Unit Symbol Current Ampere A Coulomb C Volt V Ohm W Watt W Charge Voltage Resistance Power

9. Some Important Magnetic Units All magnetic units are derived from the fundamental units. These units are discussed in Chapter 10. Quantity Symbol Unit Symbol Ampere-turns/meter At/m Weber Wb Tesla T Ampere-turn At Webers/ampere-turns-meter Wb/At.m Ampere-turns/weber At/Wb Magnetic field intensity H Magnetic flux f Magnetic flux density B Magnetomotive force Fm Permeability m ReluctanceR

10. Scientific and Engineering Notation Very large and very small numbers are represented with scientific and engineering notation. Example-1 47,000,000 = 4.7 x 107 (Scientific Notation) = 47. x 106 (Engineering Notation)

11. Scientific and Engineering Notation Example-2 0.000 027 = 2.7 x 10-5 (Scientific Notation) = 27 x 10-6 (Engineering Notation) Example-3 0.605 = 6.05 x 10-1 (Scientific Notation) = 605 x 10-3 (Engineering Notation)

12. peta 1015 P tera 1012 T giga G 109 mega 106 M kilo 103 k Large Engineering Metric Prefixes Can you name the prefixes and their meaning?

13. 10-3 milli m 10-6 micro m 10-9 n nano 10-12 pico p 10-15 femto f Small Engineering Metric Prefixes Can you name the prefixes and their meaning?

14. Smaller unit Larger number Metric Conversions When converting from a larger unit to a smaller unit, move the decimal point to the right. Remember, a smaller unit means the number must be larger. Example-1 0.47 MW = 470 kW

15. Larger unit Smaller number Metric Conversions When converting from a smaller unit to a larger unit, move the decimal point to the left. Remember, a larger unit means the number must be smaller. Example-2 10,000 pF = 0.01 mF

16. Metric Arithmetic When adding or subtracting numbers with a metric prefix, convert them to the same prefix first. Example-1 10,000 W + 22 kW = 10,000 W + 22,000 W = 32,000 W Alternatively, 10 kW + 22 kW = 32 kW

17. Metric Arithmetic When adding or subtracting numbers with a metric prefix, convert them to the same prefix first. Example-2 200 mA + 1.0 mA = 200 mA + 1,000 mA = 12,000 mA Alternatively, 0.200 mA + 1.0 mA = 1.2 mA

18. Significant Figures Most work in electronics involves measurements, which always have error. You should report only digits that are reasonably assumed to be accurate. The rules for determining if a reported digit is significant are • Nonzero digits are always considered to be significant. • Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are never significant. • Zeros between nonzero digits are always significant. • Zeros to the right of the decimal point for a decimal number are significant. • Zeros to the left of the decimal point with a whole number may or may not be significant depending on the measurement.

19. Significant Figures Examples: Looking at the rule, decide how many significant figures in each of the examples, which are given with a rule: • Nonzero digits are always considered to be significant. 152.71 5 2. Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are never significant. 0.0938 3 3. Zeros between nonzero digits are always significant. 10.05 4 4. Zeros to the right of the decimal point for a decimal number are significant. 5.100 5. Zeros to the left of the decimal point with a whole number may or may not be significant depending on the measurement. 4 5100. As shown there are at least 2, but uncertain.

20. Selected Key Terms Engineering notation Exponent Metric prefix Scientific notation A system for representing any number as a one-, two-, or three-digit number times a power of ten with an exponent that is a multiple of three. The number to which a base is raised. A symbol that is used to replace the power of ten in numbers expressed in scientific or engineering notation. A system for representing any number as a number between 1 and 10 times a power of ten.

21. Quiz 1. A resistor is an example of a. a passive component b. an active component c. an electrical circuit d. all of the above

22. Quiz 2. The electrical unit that is fundamental is the a. volt b. ohm c. coulomb d. ampere

23. Quiz 3. In scientific notation, the number 0.000 56 is written a. 5.6 x 104 b. 5.6 x 10-4 c. 56 x 10-5 d. 560 x 10-6

24. Quiz 4. In engineering notation, the number 0.000 56 is written a. 5.6 x 104 b. 5.6 x 10-4 c. 56 x 10-5 d. 560 x 10-6

25. Quiz 5. The metric prefix nano means a. 10-3 b. 10-6 c. 10-9 d. 10-12

26. Quiz 6. The metric prefix pico means a. 10-3 b. 10-6 c. 10-9 d. 10-12

27. Quiz 7. The number 2700 MW can be written a. 2.7 TW b. 2.7 GW c. 2.7 kW d. 2.7 mW

28. Quiz 8. The value 68 kW is equal to a. 6.8 x 104W b. 68, 000 W c. 0.068 MW d. All of the above

29. Quiz 9. The sum of 330 mW + 1.5 W is a. 331.5 mW b. 3.35 W c. 1.533 W d. 1.83 W

30. Quiz 10. The quantity 200 mV is the same as a. 0.000 200 V b. 20 mV c. 0.2 V d. all of the above