Cells

1. Cells The basic units of life!!!

2. The cell

3. How were cells discovered? Robert Hooke Discovered the first cell using a early compound microscope. Cork

4. Cell Theory 1. All living things are composed of cells 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things 3. New cells are produced from existing cells.

5. 2 Categories of Cells They are categorized by if they contain a nucleus or not. The categories are: 1. Eukaryotes 2. Prokaryotes

6. Eukaryotes Contain a nucleus Large Very complex Highly specialized Contain internal membranes Examples: Animals, plants, fungi, and protists

7. Prokaryotes Small Not specialized No true nucleus (they do still have genetic information) Example: Bacteria

8. What is the main job of the cell? To make proteins. The cell has many complex processes that it goes through in order to make new proteins for our body to use. The next series of slides will walk you through each organelle and its job.

9. Eukaryotic Cell Structure The cell is divided into 2 main parts. 1. The nucleus 2. The cytoplasm Both of these structures work together to get all jobs done inside the cell.

10. The Nucleus“inventor” • The control center of the cell • Contains all of the cells DNA • Includes coded instructions for making proteins. • The nucleus has the following structures inside of it: • Nuclear envelope • Chromatin (tiny pieces that later become chromosomes) • nucleolus

11. The Cytoplasm“the shop” • Located just outside the nucleus • Hold all of the cells organelles. • Organelles are “tiny” cellular organs • The cellular organelles we will be covering today are the following: • Ribosome's --Vacuoles • Endoplasmic reticulum --Mitochondria • Golgi apparatus --Lysosomes • Cytoskeleton

12. Ribosomes“finished instructions” This is where proteins are assembled. They are found in the cytoplasm and attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. Their main job is to assemble proteins following detailed instructions handed down to them from the nucleus.

13. Endoplasmic Reticulum“assembly line” • This is where lipids are assembled to be sent out into the cell membrane. • There are 2 types • 1. Smooth ER • No ribosomes, assembles lipids, makes enzymes • 2. Rough ER • Has ribosomes on it, also stores proteins until they are sent to the Golgi Apparatus.

14. Golgi Apparatus“customization” Modifies, sorts, and packages the proteins from the ER. Prepares and stores proteins in the cell or excretes them from the cell into other parts of the body. The finishing touches are put on the proteins here before they leave the cell.

15. Lysosomes“cleanup crew” There job is to break down waste and recycle it to be used by the cell. They are filled with enzymes that help them break down and digest lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins.

16. Mitochondria“Power Source” Convert food into chemical energy the cell can use.

17. Cytoskeleton“Shop Walls” Helps the cell maintain it’s shape Also involved in movement

18. Vacuole • They are saclike in structure • Function: they store materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.

19. Flagellum It is a long tail or whip like structure. Its function is to provide a cell with movement. Example: Sperm cell

20. Cilia • These are very tiny hairs located on the outside of some very small eukaryotes. • Function: To provide movement. • Also found inside the nose and inside the lining of the respiratory and digestive tract.

21. Chloroplast • Only found in plant cells • Function: They capture energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy that the plant can use. • This process is called photosynthesis • Structure: They look like green skittles.

22. Centrioles • They are made up of tiny fibers called tubulin. • Located near the nucleus • Help the cell divide.

23. Cell Wall • They are found in plants, algae, and fungi. • Structure: They are thick and rough. They have many pores in them that allow water, oxygen and carbon dioxide through. • Function: Provide support and protection for the cell.

24. Cell Membrane • Also known as the phospholipid bi-layer. • Structure: Made of 2 layers of lipids. There are also proteins stuck inside of the lipid layers that act as doorways to allow large molecules to pass. • Function: Controls what enters and leaves the cell. Also provides protection.