FYP REPORT: WRITE IT EARLY!

1. FYP REPORT: WRITE IT EARLY!

2. WHY THE TOPIC FYP: a training to become an author of writing a single-authored book. - it is often taken it lightly by most students thus loosing marks - a systematic recording of our venture; so that other can repeat the process and may improved or enhanced it. - broadened the frontier of knowledge - will remain beneficial knowledge when we are no longer here, as if we are still alive

3. FYP REPORT 1- CONTENTS • Chapter 1 : Introduction • Chapter 2 : Literature Review • Chapter 3 : Methodology • Chapter 4 : Expected Results

4. Chapter 1 According to our respected Prof Sabira, Chapter 1 is a Proposal) Why? • Because students write it when they want to apply to pursue postgraduate studies • Lectures write it when they want to apply for research grants.(include budget here)

5. Contents of Chapter 1 • Background/Problem Statement • Goal • Objectives • Scope • Definitions of Terms • Thesis Layout

6. Background/Problem Statement • The reasons behind your proposal • Specify conditions you wish to change • Supported by evidence from your experience, statistic and literature review • Justify why problem should be investigated • Demonstrate your knowledge of the issue/problem • Set-up the delivery of your goal and objectives

7. Example 1: of Problem Statement Title: Smart Car Seat Caregivers unknowingly expose their small children to dangerous temperatures by leaving them unattended in cars. About 38 infants or toddlers die annually when they become trap in hot cars because they are both physically and physiologically vulnerable to heatstroke. 50 percent of cases are due to children being forgotten. Our aim is to alert the caretaker when a child has been left and if the car is reaching a dangerous temperature.

8. Example 2 Hospital acquired infection poses a persistent threat to patient safety and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Current data from VWA Medical Center reflects that hand hygiene compliance ranges from 60 to 95 percent by department. Current solutions, such as manual observation are time and resource intensive and have failed to achieve the level of compliance desired. It is planned to develop a real-time sensing system to evaluate usage of alcohol based foam dispensers when entering patient rooms. The multi-sensor design will enable a distinction between compliant and non-compliant events.

9. Chapter 1 : Goal The main aim or purpose of the project. Example1 ; To design a smart car seat that communicates the child's presence and information regarding the car environment to a key fob held by the caretaker.

10. Chapter 1 : Objectives • Should have a SMART criteria. S – specific (from the statement, we can know the output/result/product M – measurable (result can be seen/observed) A – achievable R – relevant T – timeliness (within 2 semester output can be produced)

11. Chapter 1 : Scope, Definition of Terms, Layout Scope: • Set boundary/limitation for your project • For e.g : applicable to Malaysia only Definition of Terms; • define here technical terms used in the thesis Chapter Layout: • Briefly mention Chapter 1 is consists of.., Chapter 2 consists of .. Chapter 3 consists of … and this report ended with Chapter 4 that report the initial results.

12. Literature ReviewCHAPTER 2of FYP 1

13. The Literature Review The review of the literature is defined as a broad, comprehensive, in-depth, systematic, and critical review of scholarly publications, unpublished scholarly print materials, audiovisual materials, and personal communications

14. The Literature Review • The review of the literature is traditionally considered a systematic and critical review of the most important published scholarly literature on a particular topic. • Scholarlyliterature refer to published and unpublished data based literature and conceptual literature materials found in print and non print forms • Data based literature reports of completed research • Conceptual research reports of theories, concepts

15. Purposes of Literature Review • Determines what is known about a subject, concept or problem • Determines gaps, consistencies & inconsistencies about a subject, concept or problem • Discovers unanswered questions about a subject, concept or problem • Describes strengths & weaknesses of designs, methods of inquiry and instruments used in earlier works

16. Purposes of Literature Review The overall purpose of literature review is to discover knowledge • Determines an appropriate research design/method (instruments, data collection and analysis methods) for answering the research question • Determines the need for replication of a well designed study or refinement of a study

17. The Use of Literature Review • Theoretical framework The literature defines concepts and terms in relation to the study • Problem statement and hypotheses The literature review helps to determine what is known and not known; to uncover gaps, consistencies, or inconsistencies, and/or to reveal unanswered questions about a subject, concept or problem The literature review allows for refinement of research problems and questions and/or hypotheses

18. The Use of Literature Review • Design and method The literature review reveals strengths and weaknesses of designs and methods of previous research studies • Outcome of the analysis (findings, implications, and recommendations) The literature review is used to discuss the results or findings of a study. The discussion relates the study’s findings to what was or was not found in the review of literature

19. Primary and Secondary Sources Primary source: is written by a person(s) who developed the theory or conducted the research Secondary source: is written by a person(s) other than the individual who developed the theory or conducted the research

20. Pitfalls of Secondary Sources • All of the theory’s concepts or aspects of the study and/or definitions may not be fully presented • If all concepts or aspects are included, the definitions may be collapsed or paraphrased to such a degree that it no longer represents the theorist’s actual work • The critique (whether positive or negative) is based on the presentation of incomplete or interpreted data and therefore less useful

21. Critiquing Criteria for a Review of the Literature • Does the literature review uncover gaps or inconsistencies in knowledge? • How does the review reflect critical thinking? • Are all the relevant concepts and variables included in the review? • DoeS the summary of each reviewed study reflect the essential components of the study design?

22. Critiquing Criteria for a Review of the Literature • Does the critique of each reviewed study include strengths, weaknesses, or limitations of the design; conflicts; and gaps or inconsistencies in information in relation to the area of interest? • Were both conceptual and data based literature included? • Were primary sources mainly included? • Is there a written summary synthesis of the reviewed scholarly literature?

23. Critiquing Criteria for a Review of the Literature • Does the synthesis summary follow a logical sequence that leads the reader to why there is the need for the particular research? • Did the organization of the reviewed studies (i.e. chronologically, or according to concepts/variables, or type/design of study) follow logically, enhancing the ability of the reader to evaluate the need for the particular research project? • Does the literature review follow the purpose(s) of the study?

24. Structure of review articles • Literature reviews are in reality a type of research • Should conform to the anatomy of a typical scholarly article • Abstract • Introduction • Methods • Results • Discussion • Conclusion • References

25. Structure of literature review • Introduction • Gives a quick idea of the topic of the literature review, such as the central theme or organizational pattern. • Body • Contains your discussion of sources. • Conclusions/Recommendations • Discuss what you have drawn from reviewing literature so far. Where might the discussion proceed?

26. Organization of literature review • A general organization looks like a funnel • Broader topics • Subtopics • Studies like yours

27. How to organize studies • Chronological • By publication date • By trend • Thematic • A structure which considers different themes • Methodological • Focuses on the methods of the researcher, e.g., qualitative versus quantitative approaches

28. Making links between studies Agreements • Similarly, author B points to… • Likewise, author C makes the case that… • Author D also makes this point… • Again, it is possible to see how author E agrees with author D… Disagreements • However, author B points to… • On the other hand, author C makes the case that… • Conversely, Author D argues… • Nevertheless, what author E suggests…

29. Summary table • It is useful to prepare. • Such a table provides a quick overview that allows the reviewer to make sense of a large mass of information. • The tables could include columns with headings such as • Author • type of study • Sample • Design • data collection approach • key findings

30. Summary table of literature Atmospherics in service environments

31. Citation styles • Information prominent citation Example: • For viscoelastic fluids, the behaviour of the time-dependent stresses in the transient shear flows is also very important (Boger et al., 1974). • Author prominent citation Examples: • Close (1983) developed a simplified theory using an analogy between heat and mass transfer and the equivalent heat transfer only case. • Several authors have suggested that automated testing should be more readily accepted (Balcer, 1989; Stahl, 1989; Carver & Tai, 1991).

32. Active or passive voice • You should use, where appropriate, both active and passive voice • As a general rule, use active voice unless there is good reason not to

33. Note Object Observe Persuade Propose Prove Purport/appear/profess Recommend Refute Reject Remark Suggest Support Reporting verbs • Argue • Assert • Assume • Challenge • Claim • Contend/assert • Contradict • Describe • Dispute • Emphasize • Establish • Examine • Find • Maintain

34. Verb tenses – Present • A statement about what the thesis, chapter or section does Examples: • This thesis presents a report of an investigation into ……. • This chapter thus provides a basis for the next. • In this section, the results from the first set of experiments are reported. • A statement of a generally accepted scientific fact Examples: • There are three factors that control the concentration of aluminum in seawater. • The finite rate coefficients have an effect on heat transfer through a horizontal porous layer.

35. Verb tenses – Present • A review of current research work, or research work of immediate relevance to your study. Example: • Schulze (2002) concludes that hydraulic rate has a significant effect on future performance. • Comments, explanations and evaluative statements made by you when you are reviewing previous studies. Examples: • Therefore, this sequential approach is impractical in the real world where projects are typically large and the activities from one stage may be carried out in parallel with the activities of another stage. • The reason for this anomalous result is that the tests were done at low hydraulic rates at which the plastic packing was not completely wetted.

36. Verb tenses – Past • Report the contents, findings or conclusions of past research Examples: • Haberfield (1998) showed that the velocity of many enzyme reactions was slowed down if the end product had an increased paramagnetism. • Allington (1999) found that the temperatures varied significantly over time.

37. Verb tenses – Present perfect • In citations where the focus is on the research area of several authors Examples: • Several studies have provided support for the suggestion that the amount of phonological recoding that is carried out depends on orthographic depth (Frost, 1994; Smart et al, 1997; Katz & Feldman, 2001, 2002). • Joint roughness has been characterized by a number of authors (Renger, 1990; Feker & Rengers, 1997; Wu & Ali, 2000). • To generalize about the extent of the previous research Examples: • Many studies have been conducted in this field. • Few researchers have examined this technique. • There has been extensive research into.........

38. The Writing Process • Rough Draft • Final Draft • Edit • Edit Again

39. Show others Have someone else look at your literature review for • Clarity • Can they understand what you’re trying say? • Flow • Does the organization make sense? • Completeness • Are there areas left out? • Questions left unanswered? • Statements without citations?

40. A Good Literature Review is: • Focused - The topic should be narrow. You should only present ideas and only report on studies that are closely related to topic. • Concise - Ideas should be presented economically. Don’t take any more space than you need to present your ideas. • Logical - The flow within and among paragraphs should be a smooth, logical progression from one idea to the next • Developed - Don’t leave the story half told. • Integrative - Your paper should stress how the ideas in the studies are related. Focus on the big picture. What commonality do all the studies share? How are some studies different than others? Your paper should stress how all the studies reviewed contribute to your topic. • Current - Your review should focus on work being done on the cutting edge of your topic.

41. Pitfalls • Vagueness due to too much or inappropriate generalizations • Limited range • Insufficient information • Irrelevant material • Omission of contrasting view • Omission of recent work

42. Common errors in reviewing literature • Hurrying through review to get started could mean that you will miss something that will improve your research. • Relying too heavily upon secondary sources. • Concentrating on findings rather than methods. • Overlooking sources other than academic journals. Don’t forget newspaper articles, magazines, blogs, etc. • Searching too broad or too narrow of a topic. • Inaccuracy in the compiling of bibliographic information.

43. CHAPTER 3 : HOW/METHODOLOGY • Describe activities in detail, how objectives will be accomplished • Should include the sequence, flow and interrelationship of activities(schedule and milestone) • Method should match with the stated objectives • Answer : HOW : detailed description of tasks • WHEN : order of timing of the tasks • WHY : justification for selected methods • Data preparation, state sources of data, scaling/normalization planned • Desription of equipmets/tools required • Describe on how to evaluate the output/results

44. CHAPTER 4 • List and describe expected results including all intermediate products