Launching the New Government

1. President George Washington Born on February 22, 1732 in Westmoreland County, Virginia Launching theNew Government Chapter 4 Section 3 P. 112-121 1789-1817

2. Federal Period 1789-1801 Adams’ one term Washington’s two terms

3. Inauguration of George Washington 1789 New York City Because of the leadership skills he displayed during the war Washington was elected as the first American president.

4. Washington’s Administration1789-1797 • George Washington • Unanimously drafted by the Electoral College • Commanded by strength of character • John Adams—vice-president • Pro-Federalist administration • Alexander Hamilton • Key figure in Washington’s administration • Secretary of Treasury • Established the financial future of the country • Turned the national debt into a blessing

5. State of the Nation’s Economy • Tremendous debt in 1789 • $12 million owed to foreign countries • $50 million owed to American citizens for • Food • Arms and other • Resources used during the war • $22 million owed by states to the federal government • Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton • Proposed a plan to get the country on a sound economic footing

6. Nation’s Debt 1789

7. Hamilton’s Financial Plan • Objectives • Bolster the national credit • As much political as economic • Turn the debt into an asset • The more creditors to whom the government owed money • The more people would have a stake in the success of the union • Shifted the wealthy creditors loyalty from the states to the federal government • Sound financial footing • Results • Stimulated formation of political parties • Encouraged Industrial Revolution in America • Strengthened the federal government • The Plan • Tariff 1789 • Low tariff (8%) on imports • Protected and encouraged American industry • Compromise of 1790 • Assumption of all the debts from the Revolution • South got the capital in Virginia • Excise Tax 1791 • Tax on a few domestic items • Whiskey • Creation of the First Bank of the United States 1791

8. Alexander Hamilton • Some Kind of Genius • One of the youngest and most • brilliant of the Founding Fathers • Secretary of the Treasury • Financial wizard • National debt was a blessing • * A kind of union adhesive

9. Population • 1790 First census • 4 million people • Philadelphia 42,000 • New York City 33,000 • Boston 18,000 • Charleston 16,000 • Baltimore 13,000 • Ninety percent rural • Only five percent beyond the Appalachians • Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio • Vermont 14th state in 1791

10. Population Increase 1790-1860 Nonwhite: Indians and slaves

11. Westward Movement of Center of Population 1790-1990

12. First Political Parties

14. Evolution of the Political Parties

15. Inventing a Capital CityCompromise of 1790 Hamilton Federalists Jefferson Democratic-Republicans • War debts • Northern states • Union assume the war debts • For the Bank • Necessary to solving economic problems • Capital city in Virginia • Tacit approval that slavery continues • War debts • Southern states • States assume the debts themselves • Against the Bank • No authorization in the Constitution • Capital city in Virginia • Helped to get the Bank through Congress

16. U.S. Capitol 1800 U.S. Capitol Without the dome Rises a top Jenkins Hill Watercolor by William Birch “No other nation perhaps had ever before the opportunity…of deliberately deciding where their Capital City should be fixed.” Pierre L’Enfant

17. Federal City • Pierre L’Enfant’s Plan • Standard right angle street • grid • Intersected by broad • avenues arrayed in • diagonals • Rechristened Washington • after the first president’s • death • 200 years later • Plan can be seen in the inset • Mirrored checks and • balances in the Constitution • Slighted the Supreme Court • Neither a home nor • Connecting avenues • No building of its own • until 1935

18. White House 1807 • Presidential Palace • Executive Mansion • White House • “I pray heaven to bestow the best of blessings on this house and on all who shall hereafter to inhabit it. May none but honest and wise men ever rule under this roof.” • John Adams • First president to occupy the structure • Franklin Roosevelt • Quote carved in • the mantel of the • State Dining Room • 145 years later

19. The New Republic • First session of Congress • Developed the executive branch • Cabinet and federal agencies • Passed the Bill of Rights • Established the judicial branch as per Article III • Judiciary Act 1789 • Federal district courts (94) • Created a national military • Assumed the debt and paid for it • Tariff 1789 • Excise Tax 1791 • Chartered the Bank of the United States 1791

20. Bill of Rights 1791First Ten Amendments Speech, press, religion, assembly, redress grievances Right to bear arms No quartering troops No unreasonable searches and seizures Right to a grand jury, no double jeopardy, no self-incrimination, no loss of life, liberty or property without due process of law Speedy, public, impartial trial, defense counsel cross-examine Jury trial in civil court greater than $ 20 No excessive bail or cruel or unusual punishment Unlisted rights are not necessarily denied Powers not delegated to U.S. are reservedto the states and the people

21. George Washington1789-1797 • Reluctant executive • Trained to be a surveyor • Military hero in French and Indian War • Commander-in-Chief of Continental Army • Heroic service in American Revolution • Made him one of the most celebrated people in the world • Presided over the Constitutional Convention 1787 • First president of the United States • Unanimously elected • Home was Mount Vernon • Washington’s Federalist Administration • Judiciary Act 1789 • Tariff 1789 • Main goal—revenue • Encourage American industry • Bill of Rights 1791 • First Bank of the United States 1791 • Excise Tax 1791 • Whiskey tax • Whiskey Rebellion 1794 • Farewell Address 1797

22. Building a Cabinet • 1789 Congress established a Cabinet • Served as the president’s advisors • Responsible for running their department within the executive branch • Department of State • Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson • Department of War • Secretary of War Henry Knox • 1947 Department of Defense • Department of the Treasury • Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton • Department of Justice • Attorney General Edmund Randolph

23. Evolution of the Cabinet • Four original cabinet departments • 1789 State • 1789 Treasury • 1789 War *1947 Defense (originally War 1789) • 1789 Justice • Attorney General • 1849 Interior • 1889 Agriculture • 1913 Commerce • 1913 Labor • 1953 Health Education and Welfare *1979 Health and Human Services (originally HEW 1953) *1979 Education (originally HEW 1953) • 1965 Housing and Urban Development (HUD) • 1966 Transportation • 1977 Energy • 1989 Veterans Affairs • 2002 Homeland Security The first cabinet left to right Henry Knox (War), Thomas Jefferson (State) Edmund Randolph (Attorney General) Alexander Hamilton (Treasury)

24. First Cabinet The first cabinet left to right Henry Knox (War) Thomas Jefferson (State) Edmund Randolph (Attorney General) Alexander Hamilton (Treasury)

25. Bank of the United States 1791 • Capstone of Hamilton’s financial system • Asked Congress for a bank • Private institution • Government a major stockholder • Federal Treasury deposit surplus monies • Print paper money backed by the federal government • Located in Philadelphia • Chartered for 20 years • Explosive issue • Strongest opposition from the South First Bank of the United States Alexander Hamilton

26. Battle for the Bank Hamilton Jefferson • Congress could create a bank • “Necessary and proper” clause • Coin money, • Regulate trade • Levy taxes • Broad/loose interpretation • States not Congress had power to charter banks • Constitution did not give Congress the authority to create a bank • Narrow/strict interpretation

27. Whiskey Rebellion 1794 • Challenged federal authority • Settlers up and down the frontier refused to pay the federal government’s tax on whiskey • 500 men burned the house of a tax collector • Two weeks later 6,000 “Whiskey Rebels” met and threatened to seize Pittsburgh • Washington marched 12,000 federal troops to suppress the rebellion • Crushed the rebellion • Asserted power of the executive to enforce federal laws • Invigorated the federal government

28. Tax collector scene from Whiskey Rebellion 1794 • Excise tax on whiskey • Farmers in western Pennsylvania rose up in protest • Using tactics straight out of the pre-Revolutionary War era, including tarring and feathering the • “Revenooer" assigned to collect the taxes • “Whiskey Rebels” challenged the federal government's authority • President Washington met this challenge by assembling an army of almost 12,000 met • the challenge to put down the Whiskey Rebellion.

29. Lancaster Turnpike 1790s • Roads primitive • Improvements necessary for nation to grow • Philadelphia west to Lancaster • 62 miles • Private company built the road • Highly successful venture • 15% annual dividends to stockholders • Turnpike building boom • Lasted twenty years • Stimulated westward movement • Conestoga wagons • 1811 National/Cumberland Road

30. Lancaster Turnpike 1790sCumberland Road 1811

31. French Revolution 1789Impact on America • 1792 Declared war on Austria • 1792 Proclaimed herself a republic • 1793 Beheaded King Louis XVI • Reign of Terror • Franco-American Alliance of 1778 still in effect • Many felt U.S. was bound to honor the alliance • Neutrality Proclamation 1793 • U.S. officially neutral • Washington wanted to avoid war at all costs • Warned citizens to be neutral • Beginning of the isolationist tradition • Alien and Sedition Acts 1798

32. Problems with Britain 1783-1793 • Britain in defiance of Treaty of Paris • Retained northern frontier posts on U.S. soil • Did not want to give up the lucrative fur trade • Hoped to build Indian buffer state • Britain’s Royal Navy • Eager to starve out the French West Indies • Seized 300 American merchant ships • Impressed Americans into service on English ships • Jeffersonians demanded war against Britain • Federalists resisted

33. Washington’s Farewell Address 1796 • Never delivered • Only printed in newspapers • Advised against “permanent alliances” • Favored temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies • Encouraged commercial relations • Keep the U.S. neutral for a generation or so to build up the population and military • Strategy of delay • Warned against factions (political parties) • Make constitutional government succeed • Expand and grow

34. First Lady Martha Washington

35. George Washington • Washington precedents • First • Inaugural speech • Veto • State of the Union • Address • Washington retired after • two terms • Believed it his patriotic • duty to uphold the • Constitution • *Pass on his role as the • nation's top public • servant to someone else

36. Mount Vernon George Washington retired to his home on Mount Vernon.

37. Washington Monument 1884 the Washington Monument was completed on the National Mall.

38. Mount Rushmore

39. John Adams1797-1801

40. Election 1796 • John Adams • Federalist • Thomas Jefferson • Democratic-Republican • Very close election • Constitution • Electoral College • Man with the second highest number of votes in the became Vice President • Thomas Jefferson (D-R) was John Adams’ V.P. • Bitter rivals • Victory kept a Federalist in office

41. John Adams • By Gilbert Stuart • Died on the Fourth of July 1826 • Same day Thomas Jefferson

42. John Adams 1797-1801 • Boston lawyer • Defended British troops in Massacre case • Signer of Declaration of Independence • Member Continental Congress • Minister to France and Britain • First vice-president • Most unsuited to the presidency • Miserable presidency • Yet most deserving • Enormously talented and ambitious • Created Navy Department • Two issues defined his presidency • XYZ Affair 1798 • Alien and Sedition Acts 1798

43. Troubles with France 1798-1800 • French • Confiscated American merchant ships at sea • Attempted to stop the U.S. from trading with her enemy Great Britain • Impressments • Forcing sailors to serve in a foreign navy against their will • Confiscation of a ship’s cargo • Adams • Sent a delegation to Paris to try to negotiate with the French • When they arrived they were asked for a bribe • $250,000 • XYZ Affair

45. Navy Department 1798 • John Adams created the • Department of the Navy 1798 • U. S. Marine Corps 1775 • Founded Continental Marines • To support the war for independence • Problems with the French • Menacing American shipping • To defend the U.S.

46. Alien and Sedition Acts 1798 • To increase Federalist support and • Decrease the size of the Democratic Republicans • Four laws collectively called Alien and Sedition Acts • Naturalization Act • Increased citizenship requirements from 5-14 years • New immigrants were joining Demo-Republicans • Alien Enemies Act • In war time citizens of an enemy nation could be deported • Alien Act • Gave the President the power to deport any citizen that he judged dangerous to the country • Sedition Act • Made it illegal for any person to write, print, utter or publish anything against the President or Congress

47. Results of Alien and Sedition Acts • Laws were very unpopular • Considered a violation of the First Amendment • Turned public opinion against • President Adams • Federalist Party • Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions 1798 • Compact theory • Theory of Nullification • States’ rights • Written by Jefferson and Madison • Seriously affected Adams’ legacy as president

48. States’ Rights • Compact theory • Thirteen sovereign states created a compact, thus • Federal government, a creation of the states, thus • Individual states were final judge • Extreme states’ rights view regarding union • Theory of Nullification • Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions 1798 • Alien and Sedition Acts are a violation of the Constitution • Stateshave the authority todeclareanact of Congress unconstitutional • Null, void and of no effect

49. Federalist Response • Condemned Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions • Dangerous to the idea of union • Contract Theory • People created the union, not the states • Only the Supreme Court may declare an act of Congress unconstitutional

50. Federal/State Relationship 1789-1800