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GOVERNMENTS AND CULTURE

GOVERNMENTS AND CULTURE. Clive Gray, University of Warwick, United Kingdom C.J.Gray@Warwick.ac.uk. Motivations for Government Action: I. National Glory Inducement and Reward Placebo Education Welfare Service Compensation Commercial Order and Control.

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GOVERNMENTS AND CULTURE

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  1. GOVERNMENTS AND CULTURE Clive Gray, University of Warwick, United Kingdom C.J.Gray@Warwick.ac.uk

  2. Motivations for Government Action: I • National Glory • Inducement and Reward • Placebo • Education • Welfare Service • Compensation • Commercial • Order and Control

  3. Motivations for Government Action: II 9. Ideological 10. Moral 11. Social 12. Political 13. Common Sense 14. Faith 15. ‘Cultural’

  4. Functions of Policy • Intrinsic – ‘art’ based reasons • Instrumental – using culture for non-cultural ends • Attachment – linking culture to sources of support • Explicit – directly affecting cultural production/distribution/consumption • Implicit – cultural consequences of other policy aims

  5. Multi-functional Policy • ‘Architecture had a variety of purposes – self-gratification, self-glorification, social indoctrination and nationalistic self-assertion’ (F. Spotts, Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics (London, Hutchison, 2002), 311)

  6. The Role of Government: a • Providing mechanisms for cultural choice? • Directly providing culture? • Supporting cultural production? • Supporting cultural distribution? • Supporting cultural consumption?

  7. How Can Governments Do These?: I • Democratic means: • Plebiscitary democracy – referenda • Representative democracy – governments and parliaments • Democratic elitism – arm’s-length organisations • Deliberative democracy – value clarification

  8. How Can Governments Do These?: II • All depend upon: • Active participation • Effective and independent civil society • Political literacy • Education • Legitimacy • Trust

  9. The Role of Government: b • Support all of the above

  10. Active or Passive Government? • Representative democracy expects governments to have their own objectives • And that these should be openly pursued • But they should also be subject to open criticism • Passive government is seen as stagnant government

  11. Explicitly Active Governments: I • Problematic cases: • Nazi Germany/Stalinist Soviet Union • Did they have lasting effects? • Not really • Acceptable cases: • France/United Kingdom/Australia/Canada • Did they have lasting effects? • Some – but limited by political acceptability

  12. Explicitly Active Governments: II • Cultural imposition does not work • Top-down policies require bottom-up support • Bottom-up policies require top-down support • What role should governments pursue: • Top-down? • Bottom-up? • Both?

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