CHAPTER 7 THE HUMAN SERVICE PROFESSIONAL IN PLURALISTIC SOCIETY

1. CHAPTER 7THE HUMAN SERVICE PROFESSIONAL IN PLURALISTIC SOCIETY • Cultural Diversity in the United States and Throughout the World • Diversity in U. S. (See Table 7.1, p. 190) • Religious Diversity Around the World (See Figures 7.2, p. 191)

2. CHAPTER 7THE HUMAN SERVICE PROFESSIONAL IN PLURALISTIC SOCIETY • The Changing Face of America 30% U.S. is Racial and Ethnic Minorities, by 2050, 50% Reason for Changing Demographics Are a Function of: Higher Birth Rates of Culturally Diverse Populations Most Immigrants No Longer Coming from Western Countries Immigration Rates Being Largest in American History Most Immigrants are now Asian (39%) or Hispanic (43%) Changes of Americans Are Yielding Changes in Religious Composition By 2030, 20% of the Population Will Be over 65 Increased Awareness of Gay and Lesbian Subculture Changes in Federal, State, & Local Laws and More Tolerance to Difference

3. CHAPTER 7THE HUMAN SERVICE PROFESSIONAL IN PLURALISTIC SOCIETY • Defining Multicultural Counseling: Some Definitions • Culture: Common Values, Behavior, Symbols, Language, & Life Patterns • Race: Based on Biological Classification- Share a Similar Genetic Heritage • Ethnicity: Long‑term Patterns of Historically Significant Behavior (e.g., Religious, Ancestral, Language, and/or Cultural Characteristics) • Social Class: Perceived Ranking of Persons Based on Money, Status, Power, Etc. • Power Differentials: Disparities Between People Due to Real or Perceived Power.

4. CHAPTER 7THE HUMAN SERVICE PROFESSIONAL IN PLURALISTIC SOCIETY • Defining Multicultural Counseling: Definitions (cont.) • Minority: Any Group Who Are Oppressed Because of Cultural or Physical Characteristics • Stereotypes: Rigidly Held Beliefs and Assumptions about a Group of People • Prejudice: a Positive or Negative Bias about a Group as a Whole (e.g., I Hate Gays) • Racism: a Specific Belief That One Race Is Superior to Another • Discrimination: Behaviors That Negatively Affect Individuals Within Ethnic or Cultural Groups

5. CHAPTER 7THE HUMAN SERVICE PROFESSIONAL IN PLURALISTIC SOCIETY • Political Correctness, or Oh My God, What Do I Call Him or Her? • Many Acceptable and Unacceptable Ways of Addressing People • In Class, Let’s Generate a List of all the Names/Terms we Have Heard

6. CHAPTER 7THE HUMAN SERVICE PROFESSIONAL IN PLURALISTIC SOCIETY • The Need for Multicultural Awareness • The Melting Pot Myth • Incongruent Expectations about the Helping Relationship • Lack of Understanding of Social Forces • Ethnocentric Worldview • Ignorance of One’s Own Racist Attitudes and Prejudices • Inability to Understand Cultural Differences in the Expression of Symptomatology • The Unreliability of Assessment and Research Instruments • Institutional Racism

7. CHAPTER 7THE HUMAN SERVICE PROFESSIONAL IN PLURALISTIC SOCIETY • The Helping Relationship and Cultural Diversity: One Model Eigenwelt: Uniqueness of Each Client Mitwelt: the Common Experiences Held in Groups and Cultures Umwelt: shared Universal Experiences

8. CHAPTER 7THE HUMAN SERVICE PROFESSIONAL IN PLURALISTIC SOCIETY • Culturally Skilled HS Professionals: Beliefs & Attitudes, Knowledge, & Skills • Beliefs and Attitudes: Awareness of One’s Own Cultural Backgrounds, Biases, Stereotypes, and Values,and Respectful of Differences • Knowledge: Knowledge of Sociopolitical Issues, Barriers That Hinder Clients from Using Social Service Agencies, and Clients' Cultural or Ethnic Groups • Skills: Basic Skills & Ability to Apply Specialized Interventions Per Client’s Culture

9. CHAPTER 7THE HUMAN SERVICE PROFESSIONAL IN PLURALISTIC SOCIETY • PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS FOR WORK WITH THE CULTURALLY DIVERSE Counseling Individuals from Different Ethnic And Racial Groups • Encourage Clients to Speak Their Own Language • Learn about the Culture of Your Client • Assess the Cultural Identity of Your Clients • Check the Accuracy of Nonverbals • Use Alternative Modes of Communication

10. CHAPTER 7THE HUMAN SERVICE PROFESSIONAL IN PLURALISTIC SOCIETY • PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS FOR WORK WITH THE CULTURALLY DIVERSE Counseling Individuals from Different Ethnic And Racial Groups • Encourage Clients to Bring in Culturally and Personally Relevant Items • Vary the Helping Environment • Don't Jump to Conclusions about Your Client • Know Yourself • Know Appropriate Skills

11. CHAPTER 7THE HUMAN SERVICE PROFESSIONAL IN PLURALISTIC SOCIETY • Counseling Individuals from Diverse Religious Backgrounds • Determine the Religious Background of your Clients • Ask How Important Religion Is • Assess the Level of Faith Development of Your Clients • Don’t Make False Assumptions • Educate Yourself • Be Familiar with Holidays and Traditions • Understand That Religion Can Affect Clients on Many Levels • Know Yourself • Know Appropriate Skills

12. CHAPTER 7THE HUMAN SERVICE PROFESSIONAL IN PLURALISTIC SOCIETY • Counseling Women • Understand Issues Unique to Women • Establish a Relationship • Model Positive Behaviors • Validate and Legitimatize Women’s Feelings • Combat Feelings of Powerlessness and Low Self-Esteem • Help Clients With Conflicts Between Traditional and Newly Found Values

13. CHAPTER 7THE HUMAN SERVICE PROFESSIONAL IN PLURALISTIC SOCIETY • Counseling Women (Continued) • Explore Behavioral Change • Encourage New Female Relationships • Encourage Integration of New Feelings, New Ways of Thinking, and New Behaviors • Say Goodbye

14. CHAPTER 7THE HUMAN SERVICE PROFESSIONAL IN PLURALISTIC SOCIETY • Counseling Men • Initially Accept Men Where They Are • Don’t Push Men to Express “Softer Feelings” • Early in Therapy, Validate Men’s Feelings • Validate the View of Many Men ThatThey Have Been Constrained by Sex-Role Stereotypes • Have a Plan for Therapy • Begin to Discuss Developmental Issues

15. CHAPTER 7THE HUMAN SERVICE PROFESSIONAL IN PLURALISTIC SOCIETY • Counseling Men (cont.) • Slowly Encourage the Expression of New Feelings • Explore Underlying Issues and Reinforce New Ways of Understanding the World • Explore Behavioral Change • Encourage Integration of New Feelings, New Ways of Thinking, and New Behaviors • Encourage New Male Relationships • Say Goodbye

16. CHAPTER 7THE HUMAN SERVICE PROFESSIONAL IN PLURALISTIC SOCIETY • Counseling Gay Men and Lesbians • Adopt a Nonhomophobic Attitude • Make Few Assumptions About Lifestyle • Know the Unique Issues of Lesbians and Gays • Know Community Resources • Know Identity Issues

17. CHAPTER 7THE HUMAN SERVICE PROFESSIONAL IN PLURALISTIC SOCIETY • Counseling Gay Men and Lesbians (cont) • Understand the Idiosyncrasies of Religion Toward Homosexuality • Be Tuned Into Domestic Violence Issues • Know About Substance Abuse

18. CHAPTER 7THE HUMAN SERVICE PROFESSIONAL IN PLURALISTIC SOCIETY • Counseling Individuals Who are HIV-positive • Know the Cultural Background of the Client • Know About the Disease, and Combat Myths • Be Prepared to Take on Uncommon Helper Roles • Be Prepared to Deal With Unique Treatment Issues • Deal With Your Own Feelings About Mortality

19. CHAPTER 7THE HUMAN SERVICE PROFESSIONAL IN PLURALISTIC SOCIETY • Counseling the Homeless and The Poor • Focus on Social Issues • Know Your Client’s Heritage • Be Prepared to Deal With Multiple Issues • Know About Developmental Delays • Know Psychological Effects • Know Resources

20. CHAPTER 7THE HUMAN SERVICE PROFESSIONAL IN PLURALISTIC SOCIETY • Counseling Older Persons • Adapt One’s Counseling Style • Build a Trusting Relationship • Know Potential Sources of Depression • Know About Identity Issues • Know About Possible and Probable Health Changes • Have Empathy for Changes in Interpersonal Relationships • Know About Physical and Psychological Causes of Sexual Dysfunction

21. CHAPTER 7THE HUMAN SERVICE PROFESSIONAL IN PLURALISTIC SOCIETY • Counseling the Mentally Ill • Help Client’s Understand Their Illness • Help Client’s Work Through Feelings Concerning Their Illnesses • Help Ensure Attendance In Counseling • Ensure Compliance With Mediation • Ensure Accurate Diagnosis • Reevaluate Treatment Plans, and Do Not Give Up • Involve the Client’s Family • Know Resources

22. CHAPTER 7THE HUMAN SERVICE PROFESSIONAL IN PLURALISTIC SOCIETY • Counseling Individuals With Disabilities • Have Knowledge of the Different Disabling Conditions • Help the Client to Know His or Her Disability • Assist the Client Through the Grieving Process • Know Referral Resources • Know the Law and Inform Clients of the Law • Expect Career Counseling • Include the Family • Be an Advocate

23. CHAPTER 7THE HUMAN SERVICE PROFESSIONAL IN PLURALISTIC SOCIETY • Counseling the Culturally Different: An Ongoing Process Counseling is Not Fixed – Always a Changing Process Acknowledge the Importance of Ongoing Training in Cross-Cultural Counseling Triad Model: Counselor, Anticounselor, Procounselor AMCD: Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development Developed 31 Multicultural Counseling Competencies

24. CHAPTER 7THE HUMAN SERVICE PROFESSIONAL IN PLURALISTIC SOCIETY • Ethical and Professional Issues: Client's Right to Dignity, Respect, and Understanding • HS Professionals Should Be Knowledgeable of Different Cultures • HS Professionals Are Aware of Own Cultural Heritage and How It Impacts on Others • HS Professionals Understand Sociopolitical Issues • HS Professionals Seek Ongoing Training and Supervision • See (See Statements 18, 19, 20, and 21 of NOHSE Ethical Code: Appendix A)

25. CHAPTER 7THE HUMAN SERVICE PROFESSIONAL IN PLURALISTIC SOCIETY • Developmentally Mature Professionals: Open to Developing Multicultural Perspective • Able to Work with Clients of Diverse Backgrounds: Not Prejudicial • Understand Their Limitations (e.g., Eager to Learn about Others) • Willing to Examine His or Her Own Cultural Background • Understands That Cultural Awareness Is Developmental